Sharing network resources. Network resource sharing technology

In this tutorial we will look at additional features standard edition of MS Project 2002. The main topic of the lesson is managing multiple projects. You'll learn how to avoid conflicts when allocating resources between projects and how to schedule related projects. In addition, you will learn to simultaneously analyze data from several projects, combining them into general idea or report.

You will master handy techniques work with groups of project files and learn how to save a workspace, create project databases, and prepare templates for creating new project plans from them. In addition, you will learn how to configure MS Project 2002 Consultant and how to work with software add-ons.

Simultaneous management of several projects within an organization is complicated by the fact that employees and material resources must be assigned to tasks so that the assignments of some projects do not conflict with others. For example, you cannot assign an employee to a task on July 1 if he is already involved in another project on that day.

The successful implementation of projects in an organization depends on the consistency of resource planning. To ensure this consistency, MS Project includes the ability to use when planning multiple projects single list resources stored in separate file, - the so-called Resource Pool(Resource Pool).

Setting up a resource pool

To coordinate resource planning, you need to create regular file project in *.mpp format and place all data about resources in it. Projects with plans are then created, and they indicate that the planning will use resources from the first file, which in MS Project terms is called a resource pool ( resource pool). As an example, we created a pool file pool .mpp and two files with plans where pool resources should be used - 1.mpp and 2.mpp.

To define a resource pool for use in a project plan, you need to open both the plan file and the pool file (in our case, open the 1.mpp and pool.mpp files). Then, being in the plan file window, select the menu command Tools › Resource Sharing › Share Resources(Tools › Shared resources › Access to resources). This will open the definition dialog box. public access to resources, in which the parameters for working with the pool are configured (Fig. 23.1).

To enable resource pooling mode, you must select the radio button in this dialog box Use resources(Use Resources), and then select the project file name from the drop-down list. For example, for file 1.mpp we specified the file pool.mpp as a resource pool.

Rice. 23.1. Configuring Resource Pool Usage

Note
The file that uses resources from the pool is called a pool client ( sharer). A pool client cannot be a resource pool for another project plan
.

When a client connects to the pool, data synchronization begins: all resources are copied to the client file, and you can work with them as with regular project resources - edit their properties, add and delete, etc. When assigning resources to plan tasks, information about the assignments copied to the pool file.

It may happen that after editing the data in the client file, the composition and properties of the client resources will differ from the composition and properties of the pool resources. In this case, when synchronizing the client and the pool, the program needs to determine which file has priority. If the pool has the advantage, then the client's data is updated in accordance with the pool data, but if the client has the advantage, then the pool is updated in accordance with the client's data.

Attention
Pool resource assignment data is always transferred from the client file to the pool file, regardless of the advantage
.

To determine which file will take precedence in case of conflicts, in the dialog box you need to select either the radio button Pool takes precedence(Pool has priority), or switch Sharer takes precedence(The pool client has priority). Typically the first radio button is selected because it eliminates the possibility of adding inconsistent or random changes. Often the pool is located on network drive and a limited number of people have the right to change it. In this case, if you do not have rights to change the pool, only the first option is suitable for you.

To change the pool usage settings later, you need to open this dialog box again. Selecting the radio button Use own resources(Use your own resources), you can refuse to use the pool. After this, only those resources that are assigned to its tasks will remain in the project, and the rest will be deleted.

You can also change the settings for the relative advantage of files in conflicts. For example, if you edited resource data in a pool client file and want it to remain in the pool when synchronized, you would open the dialog box and select the radio button Sharer takes precedence(The pool client has priority). After synchronization, when the changed data is saved in the pool, you need to reopen the dialog box and select the radio button Pool takes precedence(The pool has priority) so that in the future the pool will again have priority.

Professional allows you to share almost everything that is on the network - files and folders, printers and even applications. In this lecture we will talk about how to share network resources.

First, we'll cover the features sharing applications, files and folders, hard drives and printers. Then we'll discuss management. shared resources and finally back to the question network security and talk about the specifics of methods for ensuring the protection of open network resources, be it security through permission management or administrative work with users who have access to network resources.

The idea of ​​sharing

Windows XP Professional allows you to share files, folders, printers, and other network resources. These resources can be accessed either by other users on the local computer or by users on the network. This section explains how to set up sharing on Windows XP Professional.

We'll first discuss sharing folders and hard drives, then look at using printers, and end with an example. Windows applications Messenger let's discuss app sharing.

Sharing folders and hard drives

The main purpose of networks is to share information. If there was no way to share files and folders, there would be no reason to create networks. Windows XP Professional allows you to share folders and hard drives in several ways. Implementing sharing is quite simple. How resources are shared will depend on how Windows XP Professional is configured.

Folder-level sharing is the base (original) level at which you can exercise control. You cannot implement single file sharing. It must be moved or created inside a folder intended to be shared.

Implementing Sharing

If you need to introduce file sharing, then this will be quite simple. Navigate to the desired folder, click on it right click mouse and select Properties from the menu that appears. Click on the Sharing tab and configure the details. The settings you choose depend on several factors: First, turning Simple File Sharing on or off provides different options. File system Whether you use NTFS or FAT also affects sharing capabilities. We'll discuss options for these settings later in the lecture.

To share network resources, you must first initiate File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks (Microsoft Networks File and Printer Sharing Service) in the network dialog box. If you do not see the Sharing tab in the folder properties dialog box, then this service is not connected. Typically, this service is automatically installed by the Network Setup Wizard. Setup Wizard). If you need to install it, follow these steps.

Note. File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks should be installed only in networks consisting of devices of the same rank represented by computers running Windows.

  1. Click on Start, right-click on My Network Places ( Network environment), select Properties, right-click on Local Area Connection (Local network connections) and select Properties.
  2. Click on the General tab.
  3. Click the Install button. The Select Network Component Type dialog box appears.
  4. Select Service and click the Add button.
  5. Select File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks and click OK.
  6. You will be returned to the Local Area Connection window and may be prompted to insert the Windows XP Professional CD.
  7. Click OK to save the changes.
Access levels

Windows XP professional offers five levels of access to files and folders. These are useful to know so you can customize the details to suit your organization's resource sharing needs. These are the levels.

  • Level 1. My documents. This is the level of the most stringent restrictions. The only person who has the right to read these documents is their creator.
  • Level 2. My documents. This is the default level for local folders.
  • Level 3. Files in open (for general use) documents are available to local users.
  • Level 4. Shared files online. At this level, all network users can read these files.
  • Level 5. Shared files on the network. At this level, all network users can not only read these files, but also write to them.

Note. Level 1, 2 and 3 files are only available to locally registered users.

The following paragraphs discuss the features of these levels in more detail. To help explain how to configure these access levels, the process of setting the security level is illustrated using a system with the Simple File Sharing option enabled.

Level 1: This level is the most stringent in terms of security. At level 1, only the owner of the file can read and write to his file. Even the network administrator does not have access to such files. All subdirectories that exist in a level 1 folder maintain the same privacy level as the parent folder. If the owner of a folder wants some files and subdirectories to become accessible to other people, he changes the security settings.

The ability to create a level 1 folder is only available for account user and only within his own folder My Documents. To create a level 1 folder, follow these steps.

  1. Click the Make this folder private box.
  2. Click OK.

Level 2: At level 2, the file owner and administrator have read and write permissions on the file or folder. In Windows XP Professional this is the default setting for every user file in the My Documents folder.

To set level 2 security for a folder, its subdirectories and files, follow these steps.

  1. Right-click on the desired folder and then click on Sharing and Security.
  2. Clear the Make this folder private and Share this folder on the network checkboxes.
  3. Click OK.

Level 3: Level 3 allows files and folders to be shared between users logging into the computer within local network. Depending on the type of user (for more detailed information For information about user types, see "Network Security"), they may (or may not) perform certain actions with level 3 files in the Shared Documents folder.

  • Administrators local computers And experienced users have full access.
  • Restricted users have read-only access.
  • Remote users do not have access to Level 3 files.

Setting Level 3 permissions requires moving the desired folders and files to the Shared Documents folder.

Level 4. At the fourth level, files are readable by everyone remote users. Local users have read access (this also applies to Guest accounts), but do not have the right to write or modify files. At this level, anyone with access to the network can read files.

To create level 4 permissions for a folder, follow these steps.

  • Clear the Allow network users to change my files box.
  • Click OK.

Level 5: Finally, Level 5 is the most permitted level in terms of file and folder security. Anyone on the network has carte blanche to access Level 5 files and folders. Since anyone can read, write, or delete files and folders, this level of security should only be implemented on closed, trusted, and secure networks. To set Level 5 permissions, follow these steps.

  1. Right-click on the folder and then click on Sharing and Security.
  2. Check the Share this folder on the network checkbox.
  3. Click OK.

Simultaneous management of several projects within an organization is complicated by the fact that employees and material resources must be assigned to tasks so that the assignments of some projects do not conflict with others. For example, you cannot assign an employee to a task on July 1 if he is already involved in another project on that day.

The successful implementation of projects in an organization depends on the consistency of resource planning. To ensure this consistency, MS Project includes the ability to use a single list of resources stored in a separate file, the so-called Resource Pool, when planning multiple projects.

Setting up a resource pool

To coordinate resource planning, you need to create a regular project file in *.mpp format and place all the resource data in it. Fig.40.

Fig.40. Resource data file

Projects with plans are then created, and they indicate that the planning will use resources from the first file, which in MS Project terms is called a resource pool. As an example, we created a pool file resource pool.mpp and two files with plans where pool resources should be used Project1.mpp Fig. 41 and Project2.mpp. Fig.42

Fig.41. Project1.mpp

Fig.42. Project2.mpp

To define a resource pool to use in a project plan, you need to open both the plan file and the pool file. Then, being in the plan file window, select the menu commandService/Shared Resources Access to Resources. After this, a dialog box for defining shared access to resources opens, in which the parameters for working with the pool are configured (Fig. 43).

To enable resource pooling mode, you must select the radio button in this dialog boxUse resources, and then select the project file name from the drop-down list.

Fig.43. Configuring Resource Pool Usage

The file that uses resources from the pool is called a pool client (sharer). A pool client cannot be a resource pool for another project plan.

When a client connects to the pool, data synchronization begins: all resources are copied to the client file, and you can work with them as with regular project resources - edit their properties, add and delete, etc. When assigning resources to plan tasks, information about the assignments copied to the pool file.

Planning using a pool

Once the client and pool resource lists are synchronized, the tasks in the client file are allocated in the usual way. In this case, MS Project takes into account data on resource assignments in other projects.

Let's look at working with one resource in two projects using the example of our files Project1.mpp and Project2.mpp, which use pool resources r esource pool.mpp. In the first project, we created a Design Design task lasting 14 days and assigned Ivanov to complete it, then in the second project we created a Template Development task lasting 14 days. Both projects start on the same day, so these tasks are scheduled for the same time.

Now let's try to allocate a resource for the Template Development task. For this we will use dialog box resource assignmentsService /Assign resources. To select only employees available at the time we need, check the boxAvailable at leastand enter 112 hours in the counter, since our task lasts that long. The resource Ivanov, who at this time was already assigned to a task in another project, immediately disappears from the list, and the program does not offer to assign him to the task (Fig.44).

If the automatic resource leveling mode is enabled in the project, then MS Project will automatically reschedule the task to another time if the resource assigned to its execution is already allocated at that time to the execution of another task in another project connected to the pool.

You can try to enable this mode and assign Ivanov to the Template Development task. The task will automatically be transferred to the end of the Design Design task in the Project1.mpp plan. If you turn off automatic resource leveling and then open the view Resource Sheet , you will see that MS Project has determined that Ivanov’s availability is exceeded..

To view information about resource load and take it into account when planning, you need to open the viewResource Usagein the pool client file (in this case, the pool file must also be open in MS Project). For each resource, it lists all the tasks in which it is involved. To determine which project a particular task belongs to, you need to add a column to the table Project .

Fig.44. The program determines who can be assigned to perform the task

Fig.45. Data about resource loading in other projects pool clients is displayed in each project if the pool is loaded


Pool usage

When you open a project plan file that uses resources from a pool, a dialog box appears, with which you can open the pool file along with the file (Fig. 46).

Fig.46. Dialog box to open the pool file along with the project plan

The dialog box contains two radio buttons, and if you select the top one, MS Project will load the pool file along with the project plan. If you select the bottom switch, the program will open only the file with the project plan.

If you open a project file for scheduling, it is better to always select the top radio button, because you can only view resource loading in other projects when open pool. Moreover, only when open file changes can be made to the pool.

Collaboration with pool

If one file is edited by several users at the same time, this will lead to a conflict when saving it, and the data of one of the users will most likely be lost. Therefore, MS Project does not allow the resource pool to be opened for writing by two users at the same time.

When opening a pool file, the program asks whether to open the file in write or read-only mode. If you select write mode, then no one except you will be able to make changes to the pool file. If you open a pool file for reading, you can make changes to it only if it is not open for writing by another user.

To open a file in reading mode, use the top switch of the dialog box shown in Fig. 47, and to open it in writing mode, use the middle switch.

If the pool is opened in write mode, then the data in it can be edited in the usual way. If you open the pool for reading, then it must be updated after you change the project plan, otherwise data about new resource assignments will not get into the pool and will not be available in other files - clients of the pool. To update the pool taking into account design data, use the menu commandTools/Shared Resources/Update Resource Pool. This command is only available when the pool file is open for reading. If the pool file is open for writing, it is updated automatically and this menu command is not used.

When you select this command, the MS Project menu opens the pool file for writing, updates the pool data, and then opens it for reading again. This mode allows several users to make changes to the pool alternately.

To update the properties of resources in a pool when it is read-only, you need to update them in the pool client file, and then specify in the pool usage settings that the client has priority. In this case, the changed resource information will be saved in the pool after it is updated.

To eliminate potential conflicts while working on a project plan, after you finish planning, you should refresh the pool (that is, save your plan data to it), and then refresh the pool screen (that is, transfer the most recent data from the pool to your plan).

The pool screen is updated using the menu commandTools/Shared Resources/Refresh Resource Pool Screen.

When you select this command, the MS Project menu re-opens the pool file, and changes made to it by other users are available to you.

In this lesson we will look at additional features of the standard edition of MS Project 2002. The main topic of the lesson is managing multiple projects. You'll learn how to avoid conflicts when allocating resources between projects and how to schedule related projects. In addition, you will learn how to simultaneously analyze data from multiple projects, combining them into a common view or report.

You'll learn convenient techniques for working with groups of project files and learn how to save a workspace, create project databases, and prepare templates for creating new project plans from them. In addition, you will learn how to configure MS Project 2002 Consultant and how to work with software add-ons.

Simultaneous management of several projects within an organization is complicated by the fact that employees and material resources must be assigned to tasks so that the assignments of some projects do not conflict with others. For example, you cannot assign an employee to a task on July 1 if he is already involved in another project on that day.

The successful implementation of projects in an organization depends on the consistency of resource planning. To ensure this consistency, MS Project includes the ability to use a single list of resources stored in a separate file - the so-called Resource Pool - when planning multiple projects.

Setting up a resource pool

To coordinate resource planning, you need to create a regular project file in *.mpp format and place all the resource data in it. Projects with plans are then created, and they indicate that the planning will use resources from the first file, which in MS Project terms is called a resource pool. As an example, we created a pool file pool. mpp and two files with plans where pool resources should be used - 1.mpp and 2.mpp.

To define a resource pool for use in a project plan, you need to open both the plan file and the pool file (in our case, open the 1.mpp and pool.mpp files). Then, while in the plan file window, select the menu command Tools > Resource Sharing > Share Resources (Tools > Shared Resources > Access to Resources). After this, a dialog box for defining shared access to resources opens, in which the parameters for working with the pool are configured (Fig. 23.1).

To enable resource pool mode, you must select the Use resources radio button in this dialog box, and then select the project file name from the drop-down list. For example, for file 1.mpp we specified the file pool.mpp as the resource pool.

Rice. 23.1. Configuring Resource Pool Usage

NOTE

The file that uses resources from the pool is called a pool client (sharer). A pool client cannot be a resource pool for another project plan.

When a client connects to the pool, data synchronization begins: all resources are copied to the client file, and you can work with them as with regular project resources - edit their properties, add and delete, etc. When assigning resources to plan tasks, information about the assignments copied to the pool file.

It may happen that after editing the data in the client file, the composition and properties of the client resources will differ from the composition and properties of the pool resources. In this case, when synchronizing the client and the pool, the program needs to determine which file has priority. If the pool has the advantage, then the client's data is updated in accordance with the pool data, but if the client has the advantage, then the pool is updated in accordance with the client's data.

ATTENTION

Pool resource assignment data is always transferred from the client file to the pool file, regardless of benefit.

To determine which file will take precedence in case of conflicts, you must select either the Pool takes precedence or the Sharer takes precedence radio button in the dialog box. Typically the first radio button is selected because it eliminates the possibility of inconsistent or accidental changes being made to the pool. Often the pool is located on a network drive and a limited number of people have the rights to change it. In this case, if you do not have rights to change the pool, only the first option is suitable for you.

To change the pool usage settings later, you need to open this dialog box again. By selecting the Use own resources checkbox, you can choose not to use the pool. After this, only those resources that are assigned to its tasks will remain in the project, and the rest will be deleted.

You can also change the settings for the relative advantage of files in conflicts. For example, if you edited resource data in a pool client file and want it to be retained in the pool when synchronized, you would open a dialog box and select the Sharer takes precedence radio button. After synchronization, when the changed data has been saved in the pool, you need to reopen the dialog box and select the Pool takes precedence radio button so that the pool again takes precedence in the future.

Planning using a pool

Once the client and pool resource lists are synchronized, resource allocation to tasks in the client file occurs as usual. In this case, MS Project takes into account data on resource assignments in other projects. Let's look at working with one resource in two projects using the example of our files 1.mpp and 2.mpp, which use pool resources pool.mpp. In the first project, we created a task lasting 5 days, called it 1_1 and allocated A.A. Ivanov for its execution. Then in the second project we also created a task with a duration of 5 days and called it 2_1. Both projects start on the same day, and therefore this task is scheduled at the same time as task 1_1.

Now let's try to allocate a resource to task 2_1. To do this, we will use the resource assignment dialog box (see section “Replacing Resources”), which opens using the button of the same name standard panel tools or the menu command Tools\u003e Assign Resources (Tools\u003e Assign resources). To select only the employees available at the time we need, check the Available to work checkbox and enter 40 hours in the counter, since our task lasts that long. The resource A.A. Ivanov, at this time already assigned to a task in another project, immediately disappears from the list, and the program does not offer to assign him to the task (Fig. 23.2).

If the project has automatic resource leveling mode enabled (see section “Analysis and Leveling of Resource Loading”), then MS Project will automatically reschedule a task to another time if the resource assigned to its execution is already allocated at that time to the execution of another task in another project, connected to the pool.

You can try to enable this mode in the 2.mpp file and assign Ivanov A.A. to complete task 2_1. The task will automatically be moved forward a week, that is, to the end of task 1_1 in the project plan 1.mpp. If you disable automatic resource leveling and then open the Resource Sheet view, you will see that MS Project has determined that Ivanov A.A. has exceeded availability.

How does the program determine what time a resource is loaded in other projects? The point is that summary data about the resource load of all clients in the pool is contained in the pool, and when it is open, this information is available.

To view resource utilization information and take it into account when planning, you need to open the Resource Usage view in the pool client file (the pool file must also be open in MS Project). For each resource, it lists all the tasks in which it is involved. To determine which project a task belongs to, you must add a Project column to the table.

Rice. 23.2. The program determines who can be assigned to perform the task

This column can refer to either resources or tasks. In file 2.mpp (Fig. 23.3), we added it to the table, and it shows that the resources belong to the poo1.mpp project, and task 1_1, in which A.A. Ivanov is involved. - to project 1.mpp. We are looking at the data in the 2.mpp file, but the diagram shows that it stores data related to loading the resource in the 1.mpp file. The list also displays unassigned tasks in all clients of the pool, for example, task 2_1 from file 2.mpp is not assigned

Rice. 23.3. Data about resource loading in other projects - pool clients is displayed in each project if the pool is loaded

Pool usage

When you open a project plan file that uses resources from a pool, a dialog box appears that allows you to open the pool file along with the file (Figure 23.4).

Rice. 23.4. Dialog box to open the pool file along with the project plan

The dialog box contains two radio buttons, and if you select the top one, MS Project will load the pool file along with the project plan. If you select the bottom switch, the program will open only the file with the project plan.

If you open a project file for scheduling, it is better to always select the top radio button, because you can only view resource load in other projects when the pool is open. In addition, only when the pool file is open can you make changes to it.

NOTE

When opening the pool using the top switch shown in Fig. 23.4, the pool opens in read mode.

Collaboration with the pool

If one file is edited by several users at the same time, this will lead to a conflict when saving it, and the data of one of the users will most likely be lost. Therefore, MS Project does not allow the resource pool to be opened for writing by two users at the same time.

When opening a pool file, the program asks whether to open the file in write or read-only mode. If you select write mode, then no one except you will be able to make changes to the pool file. If you open a pool file for reading, you can make changes to it only if it is not open for writing by another user.

To open a file in reading mode, use the top switch of the dialog box shown in Fig. 23.5, and for opening in recording mode - average.

If the pool is opened in write mode, then the data in it can be edited in the usual way. If you opened the pool for reading, then it needs to be updated after you change the project plan, otherwise data about new resource assignments will not get into the pool and will not be available in other files - clients of the pool. To update the pool taking into account design data, use the menu command Tools > Resource Sharing > Update Resource Pool (Tools > Shared resources > Update resource pool). This command is only available when the pool file is open for reading. If the pool file is open for writing, it is updated automatically and this menu command is not used.

When you select this command, the MS Project menu opens the pool file for writing, updates the pool data, and then opens it for reading again. This mode allows several users to make changes to the pool alternately.

To update the properties of resources in a pool when it is open read-only, you need to update them in the pool client file, and then in the pool usage settings (see Figure 23.1) specify that the client has priority. In this case, the changed resource information will be saved in the pool after it is updated.

If you have a read-only pool and are working on a plan, remember that someone else can update the pool using the same method described above. For example, when you opened the plan file, Petrov was free on Monday. You assigned him a full load task for that day and continued working on the plan without updating the pool. At this time, another project manager also assigned Petrov a task with a full load for Monday, but updated the pool. In this case, your assignment, once stored in the pool, will exceed Petrov's availability.

To eliminate potential conflicts while working on a project plan, after you finish planning, you must refresh the pool (that is, save your plan data to it), and then refresh the pool screen (that is, transfer the most recent data from the pool to your plan).

The pool screen is refreshed using the menu command Tools > Resource Sharing > Refresh Resource Pool.

When you select this command, the MS Project menu re-opens the pool file, and the changes made to it by other users are available to you. Typically, after updating the pool screen, changes occur in the plan: some resources become overloaded or project costs change. To find changes, you can save the plan version before refreshing the pool screen and then use automated comparison(see section “MS Project Files”), compare it with the one you got after updating the pool screen.

Multitasking.

Multitasking refers to the simultaneous operation of several programs. This is very convenient property operating system, allowing the user to create complex documents, including objects taken from other programs.

The MS DOS operating system does not have multitasking capabilities. In it, we can only work with one application and, in order to launch another, we must terminate the first one, saving the data.

At the same time, in MS DOS there is the concept of resident programs. These are programs that, once launched, remain in the computer's memory and continue to work there even after other programs have been launched. Using resident programs, for example, they switch between Russian and English keyboard layouts, maintain the mouse and other external devices(in MS DOSMS DOS is considered single-tasking. This is due to the fact that resident programs do not rely on the operating system for their work, but communicate directly with the processor, i.e. MS DOS does not control the operation of these programs. They function autonomously. device drivers - These are usually resident programs). Special resident programs serve to expand the properties of the operating system and improve its interface. They are called wrapper programs. With the help of resident debuggers, hackers view the code of running programs and make changes to it. Viruses that “live their own lives” on our computer are also examples of resident programs. Despite the existence of a whole class of resident software, the operating system is still

The operating systems Windows 95 and Windows 98 are truly multitasking. They actually control the simultaneous operation of several applications, among which, by the way, may be MS DOS applications. At the same time, an important feature of Windows 9x systems is the so-called concept of object linking. and Embedding, OLE). The idea is that selected objects (blocks of text, graphic illustrations, sound and video clips, etc.) can be copied and moved between applications. This is how complex and multimedia documents are created.

Each computer system has several types of resources. Firstly, this operating power processor. Secondly, these are resources RAM. To resources computer system also include devices that are part of it, software, which is installed on it, and the data that is stored on it.

Modern network technologies allow for the sharing of resources both in terms of data and equipment. The MS DOS operating system is not a network operating system. In the standard package, it does not have the means to service even a small local network and provide sharing multiple users to data or equipment.



operating room Windows system 95 includes regular means to create so-called peer-to-peer computer networks capable of meeting the needs working group working on a single project. The Windows 98 operating system has even greater powerful networking opportunities, and in particular those related to the Internet. It has built-in tools for integrating your computer into worldwide network and to use all open resources of the global community.

8. Computer maintenance.

To one degree or another, each operating system contains standard tools for performing operations to set up, configure and maintain a computer. Of course, the more advanced the operating system, the more possibilities it presents.

The MS DOS operating system comes with a group of programs (the so-called system utilities), with which you can perform hard formatting disk, split it into logical drives, check the quality of its surface and integrity logical structure, optimize memory allocation between resident and system programs, organize caching of operations with hard drive, as well as perform a number of useful computer maintenance operations.

In the Windows 95 operating system, the set of system utilities is expanded; they are organically built into GUI and their use has become much easier. The Windows 98 operating system further expands the capabilities of the kit utilities. Now they include tools for automating computer maintenance work without human intervention, allowing remote (with remote server) computer maintenance and operating system upgrades. The service package deserves special attention Windows programs 98 under the general title System Information. This very valuable tool allows, if necessary, to “look” into the depths of the system itself and establish what has changed in it over the past lately. In cases where a computer suddenly begins to behave incorrectly, this allows us to determine the source and cause of the defect. Using the maintenance tools in Windows 95 and Windows 98 is so simple that non-specialists can easily do it.

Starting the MS DOS operating system.

Three MS DOS system files.

If the MS DOS operating system is installed on the computer, then it starts with two system files IO.sys and Msdos.sys, after which the third one is loaded system file command.com. In fact, these three files represent the core of the MS DOS operating system.

Please note that these three files represent the "holy of holies" of the operating system. If you make any changes to them, the system (and along with it the computer) will stop working. The IO.sys and Msdos.sys files cannot only be changed, but even moved. The fact is that they must be located in strictly defined sectors of the system track of the disk, otherwise the computer will not be able to find them.