Problems and solutions. The secret to a successful relationship

But we will dwell on it again, “repetition is the mother of learning.” Even though it's enough well-known rule, not only beginners, but also people with extensive experience manage to violate it.

180 degree rule - basic rule cinematography, which states that when photographing two characters (or objects) in one scene, they must maintain a single (left-right) relative position to each other. In other words, the shooting angle may change, but in different frames one character should remain on the left, the second on the right.

If the camera intersects an imaginary axis connecting two objects, it is called a line intersection. A new frame taken from the opposite side is called a reverse angle.

• If there is a conversation between two characters, then we draw a line between them;
• if the character is walking, then the line is the direction of his movement;
• if a character is reading a book, then the line runs between his eyes and the book;
• if a character leaves the frame and appears again in the next frame, then an imaginary line runs between the scenes (if he exited to the left, then he enters from the right).

Examples

Let's look at the 180 degree rule using the example of a dialogue between two actors. If Owen (in the orange shirt) is on the left, Bob (in the blue shirt) is on the right, then Owen should always look to the right, even if Bob is not in the frame. Bob must also remain facing left at all times. During editing, moving to the other side of the line, where the characters change places, will disorient the viewer and destroy the integrity of the scene. Therefore, it is violated extremely rarely - often for the sake of comic effect.

Using an action scene as an example, if a car exits the frame to the right, it should enter the next frame from the left. If a car appears from the right, this will again lead to confusion and distract the viewer.

An example of the consistent use of the 180 degree rule can be found in many Soviet war films, where Soviet troops always march from right to left, and enemy troops always march from left to right. This is due to the geographical location of the warring countries. The same feature is present in the film about the First World War, The Big Parade (1925), directed by King Vidor. In that case, in the battle scenes, American troops (arriving from the west) are always shown marching from left to right across the screen, while German troops (arriving from the east) are the opposite.

Problems and solutions

The 180 degree rule allows the viewer to visually navigate with unseen movements and actions happening around objects and off-screen. It is important in the narration of battle scenes. One example of visual disorientation is the battle scene from the film " Star wars. Attack of the Clones" on Geonisis.

Avoiding crossing the line is a challenge that people studying the profession of cinematography must struggle with. In the car example above, you can solve the problem by inserting a "buffer" frame of the object moving directly towards or away from the viewer. Or cross the line in motion in one frame so that the viewer can see the change in positions. If you cross the line, you need to stay on the same side until you get back through the movement.

Style

In professional production, the generally accepted 180-degree rule is an integral part of the film editing style called sequential editing. The rule is not always followed. Sometimes filmmakers deliberately break the rule to create disorientation. Stanley Kubrick is famous for this, for example, in the bathroom scene from the film The Shining. The Wachowski Brothers, Tinto Brass, Yasujiro Ozu, Wong Kar-Wai and Jacques Tati also sometimes ignored the rule, as did Lars von Trier in Antichrist.

British TV presenters Ant & Dec follow this style in all their appearances: Ant is always on the left, Dec on the right. The same principle is followed by the members of the Japanese pop duo PUFFY.

Some directors argue that the imaginary axes from this rule can be used to shape the emotional tension of a scene. The closer the camera is to the axis, the greater the emotional impact and involvement of the audience.

They did an interesting thing in the second part of Peter Jackson’s film “The Lord of the Rings” with Gollum: this character talked to himself, while the “good” Gollum looked to the left, and the “bad” Gollum looked to the right. The viewer perceived it as two characters talking to each other.

And here is another example from the film “Leon”. At the beginning of Matilda's dialogue with Leon, the 180 degree rule is broken. With this technique, the director tries to emphasize the hero’s initial confusion. Further, the characters are shown in compliance with the rule.

Multiple characters

For two characters everything is quite simple. What if there are several characters? The rule must be followed in this case as well. When you are shooting with a figure eight and you need to switch to other characters, you need to do this especially carefully.

Below is an example of camera switching between three characters. Here is the following sequence:

1) A addresses B;
2) B answers A;
3) C says something to B;
4) A answers C, then turns to B and says the final line;
5) B thinks about what A and C said;

Both stand-alone and included in the stove, are produced with a specific temperature scale. To correctly set the appropriate the right temperature division, you should first read the instructions for using the equipment. Similar documentation is included in any delivery kit, and from it you can find out: 180 degrees in the oven - what is this number? After all, it is impossible to determine this on your own. Moreover, if you consider that the division scales can be very different, ranging from four divisions to nine. The maximum temperature that the oven can produce may also differ.

180 degrees in the oven - what is the number on the scale?

Accurate information regarding the equipment installed in your kitchen can be obtained by reading the operating documentation. It indicates the correspondence of the divisions to temperature in degrees (Celsius). This information can be written down on a piece of paper and used as a reminder so that you don’t have to refer to the instructions every time. But how can you find out which number corresponds to 180 degrees in the oven if the documentation is lost? In this case, we recommend that you carefully read the information in this article - it will certainly be useful.

How to determine whether the scale on the oven corresponds to degrees?

What you should pay attention to first:

• The total number of divisions (as mentioned earlier, this may vary depending on the different models ovens).
• An indicator of the maximum temperature to which the oven heats up.

The number of divisions can be simply calculated by paying attention to the temperature switch, next to which the scale should be located. As for the maximum temperature indicator, it can be determined by the type of oven: for electric models it can reach 280-290 degrees, for gas models - 250 degrees (average figures are given). By clarifying these parameters, you can find out which division can be taken as 180 degrees in a gas oven. Which figure corresponds to the same temperature indicator in electric models will also be considered. Below you will find information on the relationship between temperature in degrees and divisions on the oven switch. Please note that these data are approximate.

Relationships between the scale and degrees in ovens with a maximum temperature of 280-290 degrees

Below you can see what division is taken as 180 degrees in the oven, what is the number. Most dishes are prepared at this indicator. Therefore, it is important to remember how to set it on the division scale.

If there are nine divisions, the indicator we need is set by including 4 divisions. If the scale consists of eight digits, then set it to 3.

You can often find electric ovens that have only seven divisions, while heating is carried out to a maximum of 250 degrees. Here you need to be careful, as several mode options may be suitable:

• “two” is equal to indicators from 150 to 180 degrees;
• “three” is equal to values ​​from 170 to 200 degrees;
• The “four” has a minimum of 182 degrees and a maximum of 215 degrees.

Relationship between the scale and degrees in ovens with a maximum temperature of 250-260 degrees

For equipment that heats up to 250 degrees, the following indicators may be:

• if there are 7 divisions, the number 4 is equal to 180-190 degrees;
• if there are five divisions in the oven with heating indicators up to 266 degrees, value 1 is equal to 170, and 2 to 230 (thus, by setting the scale to 1.5, you can achieve the desired result).

How to find out 180 degrees in the oven - what is the number if your oven differs from the above options, having or other maximum temperature or another scale? In the absence of instructions, coping with such a task will be problematic. One way out of this situation could be to visit official portal equipment manufacturer in order to search for documentation in which you can find out exactly: 180 degrees in the oven - what is the number.

A pressing issue when building a private two-story house is the design and installation of a staircase. The most popular variants are the marching type. They have many advantages, including ergonomics and safety. In most cases, you can find staircases with a 180-degree turn. These are U-shaped structures that are highly reliable and durable.

General characteristics

There are many types of stairs according to their design, but not all of them are suitable in certain conditions. In the case where it is necessary to save space as much as possible, choose a staircase with a turn of 180 0, especially the option in which the platform is replaced by winder steps. In this case, the load exerted on the stairs is distributed over two walls. Using this model of a flight of stairs, you can not only save free space, but also increase the degree of safety during movement.

To achieve a wide angle, craftsmen use the following architectural features:

• installation of a double or triple flight with a rectangular platform;
• installation of two stairs using winder steps;
• half-screw design device;
• a combination of all or several options listed above.

It is not difficult to install the stairs yourself, since the market offers a fairly large selection of ready-made elements for assembly. A wooden staircase with a 180-degree rotation can be designed and installed by selecting the necessary modules.

Stage No. 1 - choosing a shape and type

A special feature of installing a turning staircase in a private house is the fact that it does not require unquestioning adherence to all norms and GOSTs. But the main points must be preserved, otherwise neglecting them may lead to a decrease in the degree of safety. Before choosing the staircase model you need, you need to decide on the shape of the frame, and also study the features of a particular design.

Frame shape

The staircase can be made of either wood or metal. In any case, its frame has three design options:

• Stringers. It is assumed that one or two load-bearing beams will be used. Steps are mounted on them.

• Bowstrings. The structure of the frame is built on the presence of two beams supporting the steps on the sides.

• Boltsy. On one side, the steps are attached to the wall, on the other - to the floor and ceiling using metal rods.

Design feature

According to the features of their design, stairs are divided into the following types:

• Marching type. The design includes separate marches. According to their number, staircases are divided into one-, two- and more-flight. In their form, there are straight stairs, 180-degree stairs with a platform or with winder steps. The latter are more often found with rotation by 90 0, 180 0, 360 0.

• Screw type. Such stairs have a rotation around their axis. They are used if there is not enough in the house free space for a marching structure. But there are difficulties in their calculation and installation.

• Folding type. This version of stairs is portable. For permanent installation they don't fit.

In the video: a wooden staircase with winder steps (the experience of a city woman).

Stage No. 2 – choosing a location

When choosing a location for installing a ladder, you must rely on the following points:

• room area;
• location of the room in the general plan of the house;
• the shape of the staircase itself.

If there is little free space in the house, then a large monolithic staircase will not be appropriate. Not only will it take up a lot of space, you also need to create space around it. For a small room, a suitable option is against the wall, a winder staircase with a 180-degree turn, or a spiral staircase located in the corner of the room.

How to reduce the size of the opening for a staircase

The following parameters are optimal for comfortable use of the stairs:

• step height no more than 170 mm;
• tread width – 300 mm;
• slope angle from 25 to 40 degrees.

But such data requires enough space to install a staircase, as well as a wide opening to the second floor. You can reduce the size of the opening by proportionally reducing the dimensions of the height and width of the step.

Stage No. 3 – calculation of parameters

When constructing a staircase with 180-degree rotating steps, you need to know what parameters must be taken into account and how to calculate them correctly. According to the recommendations of professionals, it is enough to take into account several basic factors so that the design has a presentable appearance, is convenient and safe to use.

Stair height

The height of the staircase is a value that expresses the distance from the floor level to the ceiling of the first floor. Usually the upper end of the structure rests on the ceiling. An opening is made directly above the structure for ease of movement. Next nuance, which must be taken into account for the practicality of the design, is the distance from the step to the ceiling. To do this, take into account the height of the tallest person in the family and add 10 cm.

According to regulatory documents, the standard is 2 m. This parameter must be observed throughout the entire staircase.

Stair length (flight length)

In cases where a 180-degree staircase with a traditional-type landing is installed, its length is equal to the length of a single flight or the sum of the flights into which it is divided. IN the latter case it is necessary to add the length of the platform that is mounted between them.

If we are talking about a screw structure, then it is necessary to calculate the average flight length. Measurements should be taken at a distance of 50 cm from the edge of the span. Similar calculations are performed for stairs with winder steps.

Width of stairs in a private house

The width of the staircase is a parameter that expresses the distance between two handrails of a structure or from the wall to the handrail. According to standards, it can be:

• 900-1000 mm;
• 1250 mm;
• 1500 mm.

Many regulatory documents suggest certain standards for certain values ​​that must be taken into account when drawing up a staircase project.

Width of the flight of stairs

Width of a flight of stairs with winder steps

For a structure equipped with winder steps, the choice is small. Its minimum width should be 1100 mm.

Spiral staircase width

The spiral staircase can be equipped with the following parameters width: 1400 mm – for full comfortable use, 1100 mm – minimum parameters. The reason for this is the shape of the winder steps - they narrow towards the center, therefore, the usable area decreases. This is compensated by the width of the device.

Stair inclination angle (steepness)

An important parameter for convenient use of the ladder is its angle of inclination. It is different for each type. Despite the fact that a large angle of inclination can significantly save space in the house, the staircase becomes less comfortable.

Here are some standards that are usually used for constructing stairs in relation to their steepness:

• fire and utility types installed directly on walls - from 75 0 to 90 0;
• extension type stairs – from 45 0 to 75 0;
• structures for residential premises - from 20 0 to 75 0;
• for ramps, parameters from 0 0 to 24 0 are suitable.

The optimal inclination angle for comfortable use of stairs in residential buildings is considered to be parameters from 24 0 to 37 0. If the staircase has a steepness of more than 45 0, then the descent must be done only backwards.

Number of steps of the staircase

The next question to answer when designing is the number of steps. There are no rules in this regard. It all depends on the length of the stairs. Experts recommend doing the same number of steps in each march. But in practice this does not always work out.

Tread height (distance between stair steps)

The optimal option for comfortable movement on stairs is a step height of 150 mm. Often when constructing a structure, the problem of excess height arises. It can be easily eliminated by adjusting this parameter between the first and second steps or the last and penultimate.

Convenient movement along the staircase structure ensures that the person’s foot is positioned on the step. This can only be ensured by an element width of at least 230 mm. In reality, in everyday life you can find stairs with a step of 100 mm, but in this case it is impossible to achieve convenience. This often ends in injury. Steps with a width of over 650 mm also cause inconvenience in use, since they constantly get knocked down and tripped over.

The width of the step is increased by arranging some overhang over the support. In this case, there are rules. That is, the step should not overhang by more than 50 mm.

Stair step length

The step length parameter is determined by the structure of the wooden staircase. If it consists of a double bowstring, the length of the step is equal to the distance between them ( minimum value- 80 cm). The design on the stringer assumes the length of the elements at the request of customers.

Stage No. 4 - accurate calculation of the dimensions of the stairs

All elements in the staircase structure are interconnected. Basic knowledge of geometry will help you calculate them. The main parameters to start with are the length and width of the structure. Let's consider an example of a calculation for a room that is not limited by the space for installing a two-flight staircase.

Start by calculating the length of the stairs. It can be determined in the following way:

• The thickness of the ceiling is added to the height of the room. For this example The height of the room is 3000 mm, and the ceiling is 200 mm. The result is 3200 mm. Then the result obtained is divided by 160 mm, that is, by the height of the steps, and 20 is obtained. This means that the number of steps in this case is 20.

• Next you need to decide on the width of the step. Experts recommend arranging them with a width of 300 mm. If we take into account the level of step offset, then to determine the length of the stairs it is necessary to multiply the number of steps by 250 mm. As a result, a structure with a length of 5000 mm is obtained.

• At the next stage, we begin to calculate the width of a two-flight wooden staircase. It is performed in the following way: the width of the clearance is subtracted from the height of the room, which according to the standards is 1900 mm. As a result, we get a result of 1100 mm. Then it is necessary to divide it by the step height parameter - 160 mm, resulting in the number of steps above which the ceiling is placed. In this case, approximately 7 steps are obtained.

• The remaining 13 steps are placed in an area without overlap. Otherwise, moving along them will not be comfortable. So, the width of the step in this case is 300 mm, the width of the passage is calculated using formula 13, multiplied by 300 mm and gets 3900 mm.

Online calculators that can be found on the Internet will be excellent assistants in more serious calculations, such as for a staircase with steps turning 180 degrees.

Stage No. 5 – detailed drawing and sketch

Before you start calculating a 180-degree rotating staircase, you need to create a design sketch. For a flight of stairs, the dimensions must be indicated on the sketch. Not only the design parameters, but also the room itself are applied to the paper. Be sure to mark the locations of windows, doors, etc. Some examples of drawings can be seen in the photos below.

Any consumer wants to have a comfortable and beautiful staircase. But in addition to these properties, the design must have reliability and high strength. Only in this case will the inhabitants be able to feel comfortable using it. We should not forget about the handrails, which not only protrude decorative element, but also excellent protection against falls when walking up stairs.

Question from a user

Hello.

Tell me what can be done: on my laptop the screen turned 180 degrees and everything became upside down. The picture itself seems to be clear, without distortion, the laptop turns on and otherwise works as usual. Is it possible to rotate the screen without going to the service center?

Best regards, Marina.

Good day!

A fairly popular problem that occurs equally often on both laptops and PCs. Most likely, you simply accidentally changed the video driver settings, or pressed a certain key combination. In this article I will give several ways to get everything back...

Note: in some cases, flipping the screen is very useful! Do not think that software developers are deliberately plotting intrigues for you. For example, if you are looking at a photo or video taken upside down, you click a couple of buttons and the screen rotates. Comfortable? Comfortable!

Ways to flip the screen

Method number 1: using hot keys

Now on many laptops there is a way to rotate the screen. special combinations keys (they are called hot) . They allow you to change the orientation of the image on the screen in a matter of seconds, for example, make it portrait or landscape. As I said above, this function is quite convenient in some cases.

Keyboard shortcuts to rotate the image on the monitor:

1. Ctrl+Alt+↓ (down arrow. By the way, there is no need to press pluses!)- turning the screen 180 degrees (i.e. upside down);
2. Ctrl+Alt+← - rotate 90 degrees to the left;
3. Ctrl+Alt+→ - rotate 90 degrees to the right;
4. Ctrl+Alt+ - return images to normal position.

Note: these keys will not work for everyone; for example, they may be disabled by default in the driver settings. Or the manufacturer didn’t include them at all...

Method number 2: through the video driver settings

To begin with, I want to say that you must have video drivers installed (as well as a control center for them. By the way, Windows often installs drivers when installing the system, but they will be without a control center!).

If the driver for your video card is installed, you just need to look in the tray (next to the clock): there should be a corresponding icon there (example below)

Or click right click mouse anywhere on the desktop: in context menu there should be a link to the control panel (example below).

In Intel settings you need to open the "Display" section. In the "Rotation" subsection you can select a value of 90-180-270 degrees (see screenshot below).

In addition, in this section you can set the refresh rate, set resolution, scaling, and other settings.

Note: Please note that after changing the resolution or rotating the image, a warning will appear on your screen asking you to confirm the changes. If suddenly the picture on your monitor has completely deteriorated and you can’t see anything, then just wait 15 seconds, the changed parameters will be reset and return to their original values.

In the panel NVIDIA management Open the "Display" tab (on the left in the menu), then open the "Rotate display" link. There you can choose the orientation:

• landscape (default);
• book;
• landscape (folded);
• book (folded).

When choosing between these modes, set the parameter as convenient for viewing the image on the monitor.

At AMD Catalyst Center everything is also quite obvious: open it in the menu on the left "General tasks display/Rotate desktop" , select the mode from the list: landscape or portrait (there are also mirror options for them).

AMD Catalyst Center // select display orientation: portrait, landscape

Note: The settings menu may vary greatly depending on the video driver version.

Method number 3: through Windows settings

Windows 7

Right-click anywhere on the desktop and select from the pop-up context menu "Screen resolution"(as in the screenshot below).

Important! When you change the resolution or orientation, Windows will wait for you to confirm the changed settings. So, if something goes wrong, just wait 15 seconds. and don't press any buttons...

Windows 8, 10

In principle, changing the orientation of the image occurs in the same way as on Windows 7. When you right-click on the desktop, a menu will appear - you need to select "Display Options".

Why might the picture on the monitor not rotate?

Sometimes you press buttons, change settings, but nothing happens - the picture on the monitor does not change at all... This can happen for the following reasons:

1) Changing the orientation of the wrong monitor. This is relevant if you have several monitors connected to your computer (or were previously connected). When setting up, pay attention to which monitor you are changing the orientation to!

3) I also recommend checking your computer for viruses.. Some types of malicious programs play games: they change the resolution, make the mouse cursor jump, rotate the image, etc. Popular antiviruses this year cited in this article:

4) And lastly, try it boot your Windows OS into safe mode. Often it is in this mode that it is possible to correct certain errors. In addition, if the problem is related to video drivers, then the image on the screen should be shown in standard mode.

How to login safe mode in Windows 7/8/10 -

I hope the question is settled?!

Very often, some videos that we shoot on a smartphone or camera turn out to be upside down. You can change this position of the video during viewing by clicking on the button. However, in the future the clip will still play incorrectly. To fix the correct display of the video, you will need a special “VideoMASTER”. In this step by step instructions we'll tell you how to flip a video in just a few minutes.

Step 1. Install the program

The distribution will be downloaded to your computer within 3-5 minutes, after which it should be unpacked double click mice. Install essential components The utility will be helped by the Installation Wizard, which will appear automatically. Also on at this stage you need to create a shortcut for the program - this will provide you with quick access to it in the future. Then you can launch “VideoMASTER” and perform the next step.

Step 2: Add a video

Now you are faced with the task of finding the video clip of interest and adding it to the editor. This is done using the combination “Add” > “Add video or audio”. In the overview of all folders on your computer, you can quickly find a particular video, and then double-click on it to download. As soon as it is displayed in the main window of the program, you will see all the information regarding this video: codec, bitrate, aspect ratio, duration and other parameters.

Step 3: Flip the video

Now we will figure out how to flip a video 90 degrees. In the list of actions to the left of the video there is the “Effects” function. Click on it and you will find yourself in a built-in editor that allows you to make changes to the downloaded clips. Next, click the “Rotate Video” button and think about how and in which direction you want to rotate the video – 90 or 180 degrees, left or right. Having made your choice, check the appropriate box and confirm it by clicking the “Apply” button. You will see the results immediately!

Step 4: Crop the Image

The editor with which it is equipped also offers a lot of other options for improving the clip. For example, you can easily crop a video sequence, thus highlighting only the main part of it. To do this, click the option of the same name - in it you can manually specify the size and position of the cropped area, as well as select required proportions from the list (3:4, 16:9, etc.) Then click the “Apply” button and see what happens.

Step 5: Apply special effects

To make the video more interesting, it is best to use special effects. The editor provides you with a large selection of such effects - starting with “saturation” and “negative”, and ending with “pixelation” and “avatar”. Just check the boxes next to the options you like and rate the result.

Step 6: Export the file

We've explained in some detail how to flip a video 180 degrees or 90, so it's time to export the edited file. You can simply save it on your computer, create a DVD with interactive menu or even post the video on YouTube. All this is done in just a couple of clicks!