Information systems and their place in our everyday life. What is an “information system”

An information system (IS) is any organized system for collecting, storing and transmitting information. More specifically, it is the creation of additional sources that people use to obtain, filter, and distribute data.

The definition of “information systems” is related to computer technology. In other words, it is a kind of complex that involves the work of people and computers, as a result of which information is processed or interpreted. The term is sometimes used in a more limited sense - to refer to the software needed to run a computer database, or as a definition of a computer component.

But the emphasis is usually on information systems, the definition of which includes the final surface layer - users, processors, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks. Any given IS aims to support operations, management and decision making.

The definition of an information system can be simply that of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) that different organizations use and the way in which people interact with these technologies to support business processes. Some researchers make a clear distinction between information and computer systems and business processes. ICs typically include a computer component, but are not directly related to them.

Information systems, the definition of which we will consider later in the article, differ from business processes in that they only help control the effectiveness of the latter.

Some scholars have argued for the benefits of IS as a specific type of work process. However, it is a system in which people or machines perform specific functions and activities, using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. While an information system is, as already mentioned, an intellectual complex whose activities are devoted to the collection, transmission, storage, search, processing and display of information.

Information system - what is it?

Thus, ISs are closely related to data transmission systems on the one hand and work process systems on the other. They represent a form of reciprocal communication in which data is represented and processed as a form of social memory. An information system (we discuss the basic concepts and definitions associated with it in the article) can also appear as a semi-official language that supports the creation of human decisions and actions. It is a major research area for organizational informatics.

Basic concepts, definitions, classification of information systems

There are different types of ICs, for example:

• transaction processing;
• decision support;
• knowledge or learning management;
• database management.

Crucial to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited. For example, processing large amounts of information, performing complex calculations and managing multiple simultaneous processes.

Information technology is a very important and malleable resource available to managers. Many companies today introduce the position of chief employee on these issues. The technical director can also serve in this role.

Equipment

The definition of “the essence of an information system” implies the presence of six components that must be combined to create it. And the first of them is equipment.

This term refers to technology. And it means the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all the associated hardware to support the operation. Among the auxiliary equipment needed to create an IC are input and output devices, data storage and communications.

Software

The next component is the software. This term refers to the computer programs and manuals (if any) that support them. There are computer applications, machine-readable instructions that guide the electrical circuitry within a system's hardware and cause it to function in such a way as to produce useful information from the data received.

Programs are usually stored on some machines, sometimes on removable media.

Data

Another component is data - facts that programs use to obtain useful information. Like programs, data is typically stored in machine-readable form on a disk or other storage device until the computer needs it.

Defining the concept of “information systems” is not possible without taking into account the presence of facts that are processed and systematized.

Procedures

Another component that defines the essence of the definition being described is procedures. This term refers to the policy that governs the operation of a computer system. These may be certain requirements and rules on the basis of which the IP operates and develops.

People

Every system also needs people if it is to be useful in any way. Moreover, people are often the most important element. And it is probably the component that most influences the success or failure of information systems. This includes not only users, but also those who operate and maintain computers, maintain data and networks, etc.

Feedback

Another component of the IS is feedback (although it is not necessary for operation).

As already noted, data is a kind of bridge between hardware and people. This means that the information we collect is only scattered information until it is systematized. At this stage, data becomes information and falls into the definition of an information system.

The use of information systems directly depends on their types.

Pyramid

Thus, the classic type of IP is often described in various textbooks. In the 80s, it was presented in the form of a pyramid, which reflected the hierarchy of the organization.

Typically, transaction processing systems were at the bottom of the pyramid, with information systems management just above that made decisions to support the system, and the model ended with executive IS at the top.

This pyramid model remains useful today because it pioneered a number of new technologies, but some of its components may not be relevant, although they fall under the modern information systems that we are trying to define. Examples of such IS may be the following:

• data warehouses;
• enterprise resource planning schemes;
• expert;
• search engines;
• geographic information;
• global information system;
• office automation.

Computer ICs

A computer information system is created using computer technology to perform some or all of its planned tasks. Its main components are:

1. A piece of hardware that includes a monitor, processor, printer, and keyboard that work together to receive, process, and display data and information.
2. Software - programs that allow hardware to process data.
3. Databases, which are a repository of related files or tables containing relevant data.
4. Networks are a connecting system that allows a variety of computers to share resources.
5. Procedures, which are a set of commands designed to combine the above components for the purpose of processing information.

Information systems, the definition of which is presented in the article, classify the first four components (hardware, software, databases and networks) into one complex, which is known as an information technology platform.

IT workers can then use them to create information systems that monitor security controls, risks, and data management. These activities are known as information technology services.

Information systems development

Information technology departments in large organizations tend to have a strong influence on the development, use, and application of information technology. A number of techniques and processes can be used to develop and use IS. Many developers now use an engineering approach called the software life cycle (SDLC), which is a systematic process for developing an information system through stages that occur in a specific sequence.

IS may be developed within the organization or by an external source. This agreement can be achieved by outsourcing certain components or the entire system. A technologically implemented environment for recording, storing and distributing linguistic expressions, for drawing conclusions from such expressions - all this includes the concept of “information systems”.

Terms and definitions related to IP are quite complex and do not have a narrow focus, so they can be used in almost any field. But there are also specific areas of their application.

Geographic Information Systems: Definition

Examples of narrower classifications are geographic information systems (GIS) and earth information systems. They allow for the collection, storage, analysis and graphical visualization of spatial data. Their development is carried out in several stages, which include:

1. Problems of recognition and specification.
2. Collection of information.
3. Specification requirements for the new system.
4. System design.
5. System architecture.
6. Implementation.
7. Review and maintenance.

Academic discipline

The field of study of the concept of IS covers various topics, including systems analysis and design, computer networks, information security, database management and decision support systems.

The definition of “classification of information systems” currently does not have a uniform interpretation. It involves some data management operations, with practical and theoretical solutions to the problems of their collection and analysis. Depending on the field of activity, this may include means of improving the productivity of business applications, software programming and implementation, e-commerce, the use of electronic media, data mining and decision support.

Information systems (the definition of this concept was given earlier) serve to combine economics and computer science. They are a field for the study of computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, software and hardware designs, applications, and their impact on society. Many modern scholars have discussed the nature and foundations of information systems, which have their roots in other reference disciplines - such as computer science, engineering, mathematics, management, cybernetics, etc.

IS can also be defined as a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that work together to produce quality information. They are directly related to information technology, computer science and business. The study of theory and practice related to social and technological phenomena that determine their development, use and impact on human life is an area of ​​interest for those who study information systems.

The definition that this article focused on is also used to describe the organizational function that applies this knowledge to industry, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. They often come down to interactions between algorithmic processes and technologies.

The field of IS study includes the study of theory and practice related to the social and technological phenomena that shape the development, use, and impact of information systems in organizations and society. In a broad sense, the term "information systems" refers to the scientific field of study that examines the strategic, managerial and operational activities involved in the collection, processing, storage, dissemination and use of information and related technologies in society and organizations.

The term information systems is also used to describe the organizational function that applies this knowledge to industry, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. IS is often reduced to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technologies. This interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is a technology that various organizations use for their own purposes.

Information system is a system of software, hardware and organizational support that solves the problems of information support for various spheres of human activity. Thus, an information system includes not only running software applications, but also computers, communication equipment, databases, as well as personnel servicing the system and interacting with it according to certain regulations.

There are quite a few ways to classify information systems, but each of them characterizes only certain aspects of it. For example, information systems are divided into automated systems operating under human control and participation; And automatic systems, operating without human intervention. Large information systems can include both automated subsystems and subsystems operating in an automatic or even completely autonomous mode. Also, information systems are classified according to their architecture, scope of application, regulations for use, etc. In this section, I want to dwell on the classification of information systems according to their purpose and requirements for their mode of operation.

Classification of information systems

Information retrieval systems. Actually, everything is clear from the name: a regular user of such a system has the opportunity to search and view the information he needs. An example is, such as Google or Yandex.

Data processing systems. Such systems, in addition to information retrieval functions, allow you to change the data under their control. Here we can already distinguish the following types of information systems:

1. Automated control systems (ACS)

   A fairly wide class of information systems created to manage a large enterprise. Management systems can be of different scales: from an automated management system for the entire enterprise (ACS), to the management of individual technological processes (APCS), financial management or accounting automation. Enterprise level management systems include components of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) class software systems used for planning and information support of production management processes. Examples of ERP: domestic product “1C Enterprise” and foreign SAP ERP, from SAP AG (Germany).



2. Dispatch systems

   Dispatch systems are part of management systems and are used for remote control over the use of production assets (equipment) of an enterprise and operational management of these assets. The peculiarities of such systems are that they must provide a centralized monitoring mode for all observed objects, through the rapid exchange of information with these objects and the consolidation of this information on central control input/output devices. Based on such data, the dispatcher makes decisions regarding the operational management of technological processes in which dispatch objects are involved.



3. Decision support systems or expert systems

   Expert systems belong to the class of artificial intelligence systems. They work with knowledge bases and are able to draw certain conclusions based on this knowledge. Decision support systems are capable of simulating real situations and predicting their development based on the mathematical models embedded in them. Such systems can also be part of, since they are an indispensable tool for solving planning problems.




4. Systems that allow organizing the collection, storage and visualization of spatial data. Spatial data are objects described not only by a set of attributes, but also by geometry. In GIS, point geometry is distinguished when only the location of the object is important (pillar, tree), linear geometry when the length and linear configuration of the object is also important (various overpasses) and areal geometry, which allows you to fully represent the object in the GIS context (forests, lakes , buildings). Visualization of spatial data in GIS is most often done in the form of two-dimensional graphic maps. Maps are usually created and configured for different scales and, as a result, with different degrees of detail, so the same objects on one scale can be represented by points, and on another - by area objects. Some GIS use their own file formats to store data, and some use . Geographic information systems allow you not only to edit and view spatial data, but also to perform spatial queries on it, for example, select all objects in a certain territory or select all intersecting objects of a particular class. These capabilities are classified as GIS spatial data analysis tools. The most famous, at least in Russia, are GIS offered by ESRI (ArcGIS), Intergraph (Geomedia) and MapInfo Corporation (MapInfo).



5. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems

   Systems designed to automate engineering design processes. In English, the abbreviation CAD (computer-aided design) is used to refer to these systems. Using CAD, electronic versions of various types of engineering documentation are created, most often represented by drawings of design objects in two or three dimensions. The most famous representative of CAD in Russia is the AutoCAD software product from Autodesk.



6. Database management systems (DBMS)

   Systems of this class most often act as database subsystems of other information systems. From their name everything is clear: they are used to manage large amounts of structured data, and their tasks include adding, deleting, editing data in the information warehouse and processing. There are desktop (Microsoft Access) and distributed, capable of managing large enterprise data volumes (Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle).



7. Content management systems (, Content management system)

   The purpose of these information systems is to provide the administrator with the ability to enter various information through predefined user forms, place (publish) this information in accordance with specified templates and organize user access to it in a free mode or with pre-registration. Quite a lot is created using a CMS. The most famous of them are WordPress, Joomla and Drupal. Often, users of such systems don’t even need to - the CMS will create the required Internet page for them, and they will only need to select the type of page (news, review, article, etc.), enter text and click something like “Publish” . Of course, the functionality of more or less serious information systems of this class is not limited to this. The most famous commercial CMS of domestic production is 1C-Bitrix.



8. Operating Systems

   System software representative. System and application software differ from each other in the way they use computer hardware resources: system software uses resources through firmware built into these same resources, and application software through software interfaces of the system software. Operating systems are designed to manage everything and plan the use of its resources by application programs. The most well-known representatives of operating systems are Microsoft Windows and UNIX-class systems and the like, such as Linux, Mac OS, Android and others.



9. Real-time systems

   Real-time systems are systems whose quality of operation is determined not only by the fact that their functions work correctly from the point of view of the logic embedded in them, but also complete their work within the established time frame. A real-time system cannot afford delays in responding to intended external influences. In other words, such a system can interrupt ongoing calculations if they cannot adequately process the signals coming to it in real time. In fact, this aspect of information systems already relates to operating modes, and not to their purpose, since a real-time system can be of various kinds, including. Dispatch systems operating in real time belong to the class of SCADA systems (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition), which are required to exchange data with dispatch objects strictly in accordance with established time restrictions.

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Introduction

1. The concept of information systems and their classification

2. Structure of electronic information systems

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Information system (IS) is a system for collecting, storing, accumulating, searching and transmitting information used in the management or decision-making process. IP includes:

Inform. – reference fund,

Information processing language

Information carriers,

Complex of models.

Automated IS is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, hardware, software, organizational, technological tools and specialists.

Automated IS is designed for the efficient operation of economic IS.

There are a large number of different types of information systems in organizations: from traditional to complex ones operating on the basis of local and global computer networks.

1. The concept of information systems and their classification

Definition 1. An information system is a set of interconnected elements representing information, human and material resources, processes that ensure the collection, processing, transformation, storage and transmission of information in an organization.

Definition 2. Information technology is a set of methods, procedures and tools that implement the processes of collecting, processing, converting, storing and transmitting information.

Information in the modern world has become one of the most important resources, and information systems (IS) have become a necessary tool in almost all areas of activity.

The variety of problems solved with the help of information systems has led to the emergence of many different types of systems, differing in the principles of construction and the rules for processing information embedded in them.

Information systems can be classified according to a number of different characteristics. The classification under consideration is based on the most essential features that determine the functionality and design features of modern systems. Depending on the volume of tasks to be solved, the technical means used, the organization of functioning, information systems are divided into a number of groups (classes) (Fig. 1.).

Based on the type of stored data, information systems are divided into factual and documentary. Factual systems are designed for storing and processing structured data in the form of numbers and texts. Various operations can be performed on such data. In documentary systems, information is presented in the form of documents consisting of titles, descriptions, abstracts and texts. Unstructured data is searched using semantic features. Selected documents are provided to the user, and data processing in such systems is practically not performed.

Based on the degree of automation of information processes in a company's management system, information systems are divided into manual, automatic and automated.

Rice. 1.1. Classification of information systems

Manual information systems are characterized by the absence of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans.

In automatic information systems, all information processing operations are performed without human intervention.

Automated information systems involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the information processing process, and the main role in performing routine data processing operations is given to the computer. It is this class of systems that corresponds to the modern concept of the concept of “information system”.

Depending on the nature of data processing, ISs are divided into information-retrieval and information-solving.

Information retrieval systems enter, systematize, store, and provide information at the user’s request without complex data transformations. (For example, IS for library services, reservation and sale of transport tickets, hotel reservations, etc.)

Information decision systems also carry out information processing operations according to a specific algorithm. Based on the nature of the use of output information, such systems are usually divided into control and advisory systems.

The resulting information from the control systems is directly transformed into decisions made by humans. These systems are characterized by computational tasks and processing of large volumes of data. (For example, IS for production planning or orders, accounting.)

Advising information systems produce information that is taken into account by a person and taken into account when forming management decisions, rather than initiating specific actions. These systems simulate intelligent processes of processing knowledge, not data. (For example, expert systems.)

Depending on the scope of application, the following classes of IP are distinguished.

Organizational management information systems are designed to automate the functions of management personnel of both industrial enterprises and non-industrial facilities (hotels, banks, shops, etc.).

The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales management, supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process control systems (TP) - serve to automate the functions of production personnel to monitor and manage production operations. Such systems usually provide for the presence of developed means for measuring parameters of technological processes (temperature, pressure, chemical composition, etc.), procedures for monitoring the admissibility of parameter values ​​and regulating technological processes.

Computer-aided design (CAD) IS - designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Integrated (corporate) IS - used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from activity planning to product sales. They include a number of modules (subsystems) operating in a single information space and performing functions to support relevant areas of activity.

An analysis of the current state of the IS market shows a steady trend of growing demand for organizational management information systems. Moreover, the demand continues to grow specifically for integrated control systems. Automation of a separate function, for example, accounting or sales of finished products, is considered a completed stage for many enterprises.

IS customers began to put forward more and more requirements aimed at ensuring the possibility of integrated use of corporate data in managing and planning their activities.

Thus, an urgent need arose to develop a new methodology for building information systems.

The purpose of such a methodology is to regulate the IS design process and provide control over this process in order to ensure that the requirements for both the IS itself and the characteristics of the development process are met. The main tasks that the corporate IS design methodology should help solve are the following:

Ensure the creation of corporate information systems that meet the goals and objectives of the organization, as well as the requirements for automation of the customer’s business processes;

Guarantee the creation of a system with a given quality within a given time frame and within the established project budget;

Maintain a convenient discipline for maintaining, modifying and expanding the system;

Ensure continuity of development, i.e. use of the organization’s existing information infrastructure (background in the field of information technology) in the developed IS.

The introduction of the methodology should lead to a reduction in the complexity of the IP creation process through a complete and accurate description of this process, as well as the use of modern methods and technologies for creating IP throughout the entire IP life cycle - from concept to implementation.

IC design covers three main areas:

Design of data objects that will be implemented in the database;

Designing programs, screen forms, reports that will ensure the execution of data queries;

Taking into account the specific environment or technology, namely: network topology, hardware configuration, architecture used (file-server or client-server), parallel processing, distributed data processing, etc.

Information systems design always begins with defining the purpose of the project. In general terms, the goal of the project can be defined as solving a number of interrelated tasks, including ensuring at the time of system launch and throughout the entire period of its operation:

The required functionality of the system and the level of its adaptability to changing operating conditions;

Required system throughput;

Required system response time to a request;

Failure-free operation of the system;

Required level of security;

Ease of operation and system support.

According to modern methodology, the process of creating an IS is a process of constructing and sequentially transforming a number of coordinated models at all stages of the IS life cycle (LC). At each stage of the life cycle, models specific to it are created - organization, IS requirements, IS project, application requirements, etc. Models are formed by working groups of the project team, saved and accumulated in the project repository. The creation of models, their control, transformation and provision for collective use is carried out using special software tools - CASE tools.

The modern understanding of an information system involves the use of a computer as the main technical means of information processing. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool of the information system.

Information system is a software and hardware complex, the functioning of which consists of securely storing information in computer memory, performing domain-specific information transformations and calculations, and providing the user with a convenient and easy-to-learn interface.

Information systems exist in all major spheres of modern society: government bodies, the financial and credit sector, information services for business activities, the production sector, science, education, etc.

When creating or classifying information systems, problems arise related to the formal - mathematical and algorithmic description of the problems being solved. The quality of the system creation determines the efficiency of the entire system, as well as the level of automation, determined by the degree of human participation in making decisions based on the information received.

The more accurate the mathematical description of a problem, the higher the capabilities of computer data processing and the less the degree of human participation in the process of solving it. This determines the degree of automation of the task.

Let's consider several types of information systems:

Structured system- a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.

In a structured problem, it is possible to express its content in the form of a mathematical model that has an exact solution algorithm. Such tasks usually have to be solved many times, and they are routine in nature. The purpose of using an information system to solve structured problems is to completely automate their solution, i.e. reducing the human role to zero.

Example. It is necessary to implement the payroll calculation task in the information system.

This is a structured problem where the solution algorithm is completely known. The routine nature of this task is determined by the fact that the calculations of all charges and deductions are very simple, but their volume is very large, since they must be repeated many times monthly for all categories of workers.

Unstructured system- a task in which it is impossible to identify elements and establish connections between them.

Solving unstructured problems due to the impossibility of creating a mathematical description and developing an algorithm is associated with great difficulties. The possibilities of using the information system here are small. The decision in such cases is made by a person for heuristic reasons based on his experience and, possibly, indirect information from various sources.

Example. Try to formalize relationships in your student group. It is probably unlikely that you will be able to do this. This is due to the fact that this task requires psychological and social factors, which are very difficult to describe algorithmically.

Expert system is a program that behaves like an expert in some, usually narrow, application area. Typical applications of expert systems include tasks such as medical diagnostics and localization of equipment faults.

An example of an expert system in electronics.

ACE. The expert system identifies faults in the telephone network and makes recommendations on necessary repairs and restoration measures. The system operates without user intervention, analyzing status reports received daily by CRAS, a program that monitors the progress of cable network repairs. ACE detects faulty telephone cables and then decides whether they require preventative maintenance and selects which type of repair work is most likely to be effective. ACE then stores its recommendations in a special database that the user has access to. ACE is implemented in OPS4 and FRANZ LISP languages ​​and runs on AT&T 3B-2 series microprocessors located in cable monitoring substations. It was developed by Bell Laboratories. ACE has undergone trial operation and has been brought to the level of a commercial expert system.

Other classifications of information systems:

Depending on the degree of automation of information processes in the company's management system, information systems are defined as manual, automatic, automated.

Manual ICs are characterized by the lack of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans. For example, about the activities of a manager in a company where there are no computers, we can say that he works with a manual IS.

Automatic ICs perform all information processing operations without human participation.

Automated ICs involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the process of information processing, with the main role assigned to the computer. In the modern interpretation, the term “information system” necessarily includes the concept of an automated system.

Automated information systems, given their widespread use in organizing management processes, have various modifications and can be classified, for example, by the nature of the use of information and the scope of application.

Classification of IP by field of application.

Organizational management information systems are designed to automate the functions of various structural divisions.

The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales and supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process Control IC(TP) serve to automate the functions of production personnel. They are widely used in organizations to support the technological process in the metallurgical and mechanical engineering industries.

Computer-aided design IC(CAD) are designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Integrated (corporate) IS are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from design to product sales. Creating such systems is very difficult, since it requires a systematic approach from the standpoint of the main goal, for example, making a profit, conquering the sales market, etc. This approach can lead to significant changes in the very structure of the company, which not every manager can decide to do.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….2

1. Information system and its types……………………………………………...3

2. Composition of automated information systems……………………………9

3. Technological process of information processing…………………………….16

4. The role of information technology in the design, operation and modification of information systems………………………………………………………20

5. CASE technologies…………………………………………………………………...22

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...28

List of used literature……………………………………………………………..29

Introduction

The 21st century, which marks the beginning of the third millennium, has challenged humanity in the form of pervasive international communications, the World Wide Web, the Internet, and the emergence of a virtual economy. And who today can say with complete confidence that, leaving the 21st century. will not bring humanity a more serious threat in the form of the emergence of “machine (i.e., electronic) intelligence” and a “human-machine” economy? XXI century provides us with an opportunity to look at the development of the economy since its inception, and also to take an intelligent look at the future of the economy and humanity.

Using communication means, you can, without leaving your home, manage production lines or the financial and commercial activities of an enterprise, maintain accounting records, study remotely at an educational institution, read books in the library, buy goods, make banking and stock exchange transactions. and other financial transactions, etc. Appearance at the end of the 20th century. information technology has led to the emergence of the most profitable business - the interactive business.

We can say with complete confidence that in the middle of the 21st century. The leaders of the world economy and international trade will be those countries that will have high technology and knowledge-intensive industries. This means that the export of Russian oil, minerals, trade in weapons and heavy engineering products by Russian companies will take one of the last places in international trade and will no longer generate the income that Russia had at the end of the 20th century. .

In a market economy, the approach to management is radically changing, from functional to business-oriented, and the role of information technology is radically changing. A focus on business process-based management provides a competitive advantage for an organization in highly competitive environments, and business process-based management cannot be effectively implemented without the use of information technologies and systems.

1. Information system and its types.

Information system is an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in the interests of achieving a set goal. The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use of a computer as the main technical means of processing information. It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

In the legal and regulatory sense, an information system is defined as “an organizationally ordered set of documents (an array of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes” [RF Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” dated February 20, 1995, No. 24-FZ].

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be conventionally represented as consisting of the following blocks:
entering information from external or internal sources;
processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;
outputting information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

In general, information systems are defined by the following properties:
1) any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;
2) the information system is dynamic and developing;
3) when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;

4) the output of the information system is the information on the basis of which decisions are made;

5) the information system should be perceived as a human-machine information processing system.

The introduction of information systems can contribute to:
obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods; freeing workers from routine work due to its automation; ensuring the reliability of information; improving the structure of information flows (including the document flow system); providing consumers with unique services; reducing costs for the production of products and services (including information).

The type of information system depends on whose interests it serves and at what level of management. Based on the nature of presentation and logical organization of stored information, information systems are divided into factual, documentary and geoinformation systems.

Factual Information Systems accumulate and store data in the form of multiple instances of one or several types of structural elements (information objects). Each of these instances or some combination of them reflects information on a fact or event separately from all other information and facts.

In documentary (documented) information systems A single element of information is a document that is not divided into smaller elements, and information during input (input document), as a rule, is not structured, or is structured in a limited form. For the entered document, some formalized positions can be set (date of production, artist, subject).

In geographic information systems the data is organized in the form of separate information objects (with a certain set of details) linked to a common electronic topographical basis (electronic map). Geographic information systems are used for information support in those subject areas in which the structure of information objects and processes has a spatial-geographical component (transport routes, utilities).

In Fig. 1.1 presents the classification of information systems according to the characteristics of their functional subsystems.

Rice. 1.1. Classification of information systems according to functional criteria.

In the economic practice of industrial and commercial facilities, the typical types of activities that determine the functional attribute of the classification of information systems are production, marketing, financial, and personnel activities.

Classification of information systems by management levels
Highlight:
operational (operational) level information systems – accounting, bank deposits, order processing, ticket registration, salary payments; information system for specialists – office automation, knowledge processing (including expert systems);
tactical level information systems (middle management) – monitoring, administration, control, decision making;
strategic information systems – formulation of goals, strategic planning.

Operational (operational) level information systems
The operational level information system supports executive specialists by processing data on transactions and events (invoices, invoices, salaries, loans, flow of raw materials). The purpose of the information system at this level is to respond to queries about the current status and monitor the flow of transactions in the company, which corresponds to operational management. To cope with this, the information system must be easily accessible, continuously available and provide accurate information. The operational level information system is the link between the company and the external environment.

Information systems of specialists. Information systems at this level help specialists working with data, increase the productivity and productivity of engineers and designers. The task of such information systems is to integrate new information into the organization and assist in the processing of paper documents.
Office automation information systems Due to their simplicity and versatility, they are actively used by employees of any organizational level. They are most often used by semi-skilled workers: accountants, secretaries, and clerks. The main goal is data processing, increasing the efficiency of their work and simplifying clerical work.

These systems perform the following functions: word processing on computers using various word processors; production of high-quality printed products; archiving of documents;
electronic calendars and notebooks for maintaining business information; email and audiomail; video and teleconferences.

Information systems for knowledge processing, including expert systems, absorb the knowledge necessary for engineers, lawyers, scientists when developing or creating a new product. Their job is to create new information and new knowledge.

Tactical level information systems (middle level)
The main functions of these information systems are: comparison of current indicators with past indicators; drawing up periodic reports for a certain time (rather than issuing reports on current events, as at the operational level); providing access to archival information, etc.

Decision support systems serve semi-structured tasks, the results of which are difficult to predict in advance (they have a more powerful analytical apparatus with several models). Information is obtained from management and operational information systems. Characteristics of decision support systems:
provide solutions to problems whose development is difficult to predict;
equipped with sophisticated modeling and analysis tools;
allow you to easily change the formulation of the problems being solved and the input data;
are flexible and easily adapt to changing conditions several times a day; have technology that is maximally user-oriented.

Strategic information systems.Strategic Information System- a computer information system that provides decision support for the implementation of long-term strategic development goals of the organization. There are known situations when the new quality of information systems forced to change not only the structure, but also the profile of companies, promoting their prosperity. However, in this case, an undesirable psychological situation may arise associated with the automation of certain functions and types of work, since this may put some of the workers in a difficult situation.