List of programming languages. Low and high level programming languages

Programming language

Programming language- a formal sign system designed to record computer programs. A programming language defines a set of lexical, syntactic and semantic rules that define the appearance of the program and the actions that the executor (computer) will perform under its control.

• Function: a programming language is designed to write computer programs that are used to transmit instructions to a computer for performing a particular computing process and organizing control of individual devices.
• Task: A programming language differs from natural languages ​​in that it is designed to transfer commands and data from a person to a computer, while natural languages ​​are used to communicate between people. You can generalize the definition of "programming languages" - this is a way of transmitting commands, orders, a clear guide to action; while human languages ​​also serve to exchange information.
• Execution: A programming language may use special constructs to define and manipulate data structures and control the process of computation.

Standardization of programming languages

A programming language can be represented as a set of specifications that define its syntax and semantics.

International standards have been created for many widely used programming languages. Special organizations regularly update and publish specifications and formal definitions of the corresponding language. Within the framework of such committees, the development and modernization of programming languages ​​continues and issues are resolved on the expansion or support of existing and new language constructs.

Data types

Modern digital computers are usually binary and data is stored in binary (binary) code (although implementations in other number systems are possible). This data typically reflects real-world information (names, bank accounts, measurements, etc.) representing high-level concepts.

A special system by which data is organized in a program is type system programming language; the development and study of type systems is known as type theory. Languages ​​can be classified as systems with static typing and languages ​​from dynamic typing.

Static-typed languages ​​can be further subdivided into languages ​​with mandatory declaration, where every variable and function declaration has a mandatory type declaration, and languages ​​with inferred types. Sometimes dynamically typed languages ​​are called latently typed.

Data Structures

Type systems in high-level languages ​​allow the definition of complex, composite types, so-called data structures. Typically, structural data types are formed as the Cartesian product of base (atomic) types and previously defined composite types.

Basic data structures (lists, queues, hash tables, binary trees, and pairs) are often represented by special syntax constructs in high-level languages. Such data is structured automatically.

Semantics of programming languages

There are several approaches to defining the semantics of programming languages.

The most widespread varieties of the following three: operational, derivational (axiomatic) and denotational (mathematical).

• When describing semantics within the framework operational approach, the execution of programming language constructs is usually interpreted with the help of some imaginary (abstract) computer.

• Derivative semantics describes the consequences of executing language constructs using the language of logic and setting pre- and postconditions.

• denotational semantics operates with concepts typical of mathematics - sets, correspondences, as well as judgments, statements, etc.

Programming paradigm

A programming language is built according to one or another basic computing model and programming paradigm.

Despite the fact that most languages ​​are oriented towards the imperative model of computation defined by the von Neumann computer architecture, there are other approaches. We can mention languages ​​with a stack computing model (Forth, Factor, PostScript, etc.), as well as functional (Lisp, Haskell, etc.) and logic programming (Prolog) and the REFAL language, based on the computing model introduced by the Soviet mathematician A A. Markov Jr.

Currently, domain-specific, declarative and visual programming languages ​​are also actively developing.

Ways to Implement Languages

Programming languages ​​can be implemented as compiled and interpreted.

A program in a compiled language with the help of a compiler (a special program) is converted (compiled) into machine code (a set of instructions) for a given type of processor and then assembled into an executable module that can be launched for execution as a separate program. In other words, the compiler translates the source code of the program from a high-level programming language into binary codes of processor instructions.

If the program is written in an interpreted language, then the interpreter directly executes (interprets) the source text without prior translation. The program remains in its original language and cannot be run without an interpreter. The processor of a computer, in this connection, can be called an interpreter for machine code.

The division into compiled and interpreted languages ​​is conditional. So, for any traditionally compiled language, such as Pascal, you can write an interpreter. In addition, most modern "pure" interpreters do not execute language constructs directly, but compile them into some high-level intermediate representation (for example, with variable dereference and macro expansion).

For any interpreted language, you can create a compiler - for example, the language Lisp, originally interpreted, can be compiled without any restrictions. Code generated at runtime can also be dynamically compiled at runtime.

As a rule, compiled programs run faster and do not require additional programs to execute, since they are already translated into machine language. At the same time, each time the program text is changed, it needs to be recompiled, which slows down the development process. In addition, a compiled program can only run on the same type of computer, and usually under the same operating system, for which the compiler was designed. To create an executable for a different type of machine, a new compilation is required.

Interpreted languages ​​have some specific additional features (see above), in addition, programs in them can be run immediately after modification, which makes development easier. An interpreted language program can often be run on many different types of machines and operating systems without additional effort.

However, interpreted programs run noticeably slower than compiled programs, and they cannot run without an interpreter program.

This approach, in a sense, allows you to use the advantages of both interpreters and compilers. It should be mentioned that there are languages ​​that have both an interpreter and a compiler (Forth).

Symbols used

Modern programming languages ​​are designed to use ASCII, that is, the availability of all graphic ASCII characters is a necessary and sufficient condition for writing any language constructs. Managers ASCII characters are used to a limited extent: only carriage return CR, line feed LF, and horizontal tab HT (sometimes also vertical tab VT and next page FF) are allowed.

Early languages, which emerged during the 6-bit character era, used a more limited set. For example, the Fortran alphabet has 49 characters (including space): A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = + - * / () . , $" :

A notable exception is the APL language, which uses a lot of special characters.

The use of non-ASCII characters (such as KOI8-R characters or Unicode characters) is implementation dependent: sometimes they are only allowed in comments and character/string constants, and sometimes they are also allowed in identifiers. In the USSR, there were languages ​​where all keywords were written in Russian letters, but such languages ​​\u200b\u200bdid not gain much popularity (the exception is the Built-in programming language 1C: Enterprise).

The expansion of the character set used is constrained by the fact that many software development projects are international. It would be very difficult to work with code where the names of some variables are written in Russian letters, others in Arabic, and still others in Chinese characters. At the same time, new generation programming languages ​​(Delphi 2006, Java) support Unicode to work with text data.

Programming language classes

see also

Notes

Literature

• Hal Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman. Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
• Robert W. Sebesta. Basic concepts of programming languages ​​\u003d Concepts of Programming Languages ​​/ Per. from English. - 5th ed. - M .: Williams, 2001. - 672 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-8459-0192-8 (Russian), ISBN 0-201-75295-6 (English)
• Wolfenhagen V. E. Designs of programming languages. Description methods. - M .: Center YurInfoR, 2001. - 276 p. - ISBN 5-89158-079-9
• Parondzhanov V. D. How to improve the work of the mind. Algorithms without programmers - it's very simple! - M .: Delo, 2001. - 360 p. - ISBN 5-7749-0211-0
• F. Biancuzzi, S. Worden. Programming Pioneers. Dialogues with the creators of the most popular programming languages. - St. Petersburg. : Symbol-Plus, 2010. - 608 p. - ISBN 978-5-93286-170-7

Links

• The Language List (English) - more than 2500 languages ​​with a brief description
• Computer Languages ​​History (English) - history of programming languages ​​(from 1954 to May 2004) (contains a regularly updated chart)

• Examples (English) - programming examples in 162 languages
• Programming Language Popularity (eng.) - 2004 Programming Language Popularity Survey
• 10 Programming Languages ​​to Learn (2006)
• Programming Community Index (eng.) - a regularly updated ranking of the popularity of programming languages
• Computer Language Shootout Benchmarks (English) - comparison of programming languages ​​in terms of efficiency
• Programming Languages ​​that are Loved (English) - a comparison of programming languages ​​​​by "love" and "hate" to them

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Any person who decides to master the basics of the process of creating computer programs wonders what are the most popular programming languages ​​today, and which ones are best to learn. And if it is very easy to answer the first question, then the student himself will have to look for the answer to the second, based on his plans and needs.

Let's take a quick look at the most popular programming languages ​​so that you can choose the one that appeals to you and start learning it.

programming?

Before disassembling the main programming languages ​​and describing them, it is necessary to disassemble the concept itself.

A programming language is a formal sign system that is used to write computer programs. Like any other language, it has its own lexical, semantic and syntactic rules.

Allocate languages ​​of low and high levels of programming. To date, the latter is mainly used.

High and low level programming languages

A low-level programming language has a structure close to the structure. In this case, commands are denoted not with zeros and ones, but with the help of mnemonic notation. The best known low programming language is assembly language.

Working with any of the languages ​​requires high qualifications, understanding, in addition, writing programs takes a lot of time. At the same time, with the help of low ones, you can create small, but at the same time effective programs. Novice programmers are not recommended to start their acquaintance with them.

High-level programming languages ​​are characterized by the presence of semantic structures for describing operations. Their study takes a lot of time, and their application in practice requires attentiveness and understanding of the basic structures and rules of syntax and vocabulary. But at the same time, knowledge of high-level languages ​​allows you to create large, colorful, multifunctional projects in record time.

The high level includes Pascal, Java, C, C++, C#, Delphi and many others. They are used to write software and application programs.

The most popular programming languages

What are the most popular programming languages ​​today?

In recent years, Java, C, C++, Python, C#, which are among the top programming languages, are considered the most popular and in demand. They form the basis of modern programs and are used when writing any large project. More than 70% of programmers work with these languages. It is predicted that in the next 10 years they will still be in the same demand as they are today.

Ruby, PHP, JavaScript are considered no less popular. Most experts focus on them.

In general, regardless of popularity, any more or less self-respecting specialist must know at least several languages ​​of different levels. This is due to the fact that most large projects are developed in different languages. For example, some modules are written using C, others are developed in Java, and still others are written in Delphi.

C, C++ and C#

Let's start with the C family.

The C language is compiled and developed in the 70s. On its basis, such languages ​​as C ++ and C #, Java were subsequently created.

C++ is a powerful language, designed to create both low-level utilities and drivers, and very impressive applications and software packages.

C# is a modern object-oriented language based on C and C++. Has a safe type system. One of its distinguishing features is that it is also very similar to another popular programming language - Java.

One of the disadvantages of the language is that it allows you to create applications only for the Windows operating system, and in addition, it is very heavy, which means that programs written in it take up a lot of space.

It can be noted that in many ways C, C++ and C# are programming languages ​​for beginners. Having mastered them, you can be sure that learning a new language will take a minimum of time.

You can get acquainted with them and write your first applications in a special environment Borland or Visual Studio.

JavaScript

JavaScript is a language with object-oriented capabilities. Developed in 1996 and today one of the most popular. The language is mainly used in web scripting and works in major browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera. It is also closely related to HTML and CSS, so before you start learning it, you need to master the basics of these languages.

It is worth noting that, despite the similarity in name, JavaScript and Java are two completely different languages.

This language is suitable for those who are focused on creating browsers and scripts, applications and add-ons to them. If you plan to create your own sites, you also need to get to know him better.

Java

Considering the most popular programming languages, one cannot but mention Java. It is an object-oriented programming language that has been in use since 1995. It is very lightweight and runs on any Java machine of any architecture. It is used to develop applications for Android and iOS.

Python

Python - the main task of which is to increase the productivity of the developer, make the code more readable. It has a small list of syntax constructs and a very impressive standard library of functions. The development of the language began in the 90s and continues to this day. It is used to develop various projects, extensions and integration of previously developed applications.

The basics of the Python language can be learned both as a start for programming and as a second additional language.

ruby

Ruby is a high-level programming language that includes parts of Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada and Lisp. Used since 1995. The main advantages of the language are its simplicity and flexibility. Suitable for both writing small applications and developing serious programs.

PHP language

PHP is a fairly popular scripting language designed for building web applications. Quite often, it is also included in the list of "Programming Languages ​​for Beginners" and recommended for study.

With it, you can create high-quality web applications in a very short time. The language has a simple and understandable structure, which allows you to learn it in a matter of days.

Conclusion

We have reviewed the most popular programming languages, the study of which will help you successfully create your projects in the future and earn money as a programmer. There is no consensus on which language to study, but at the same time, experts note that it is desirable to know several programming languages, as this will further expand the field of activity and facilitate work on various team projects.

Programming is a whole science that allows you to create computer programs. It includes a huge number of different operations and algorithms that form a single programming language. So, what is it and what are the programming languages? The article provides answers, as well as an overview list of programming languages.

The history of the emergence and change of programming languages ​​should be studied along with the history of the development of computer technology, because these concepts are directly related. Without programming languages, it would be impossible to create any program for the operation of a computer, which means that the creation of computers would become a meaningless exercise.

The first machine language was invented in 1941 by Konrad Zuse, who is the inventor of the Analytical Engine. A little later, in 1943, Howard Aiken created the Mark-1 machine, capable of reading instructions at the level of machine code.

In the 1950s, there was an active demand for software development, and machine language could not withstand large amounts of code, so a new way of communicating with computers was created. "Assembler" is the first mnemonic language to replace machine instructions. Over the years, the list of programming languages ​​is only increasing, because the scope of computer technology is becoming more extensive.

Classification of programming languages

At the moment there are more than 300 programming languages. Each of them has its own characteristics and is suitable for one specific task. All programming languages ​​can be divided into several groups:

• Aspect-oriented (the main idea is the separation of functionality to increase the efficiency of program modules).
• Structural (based on the idea of ​​creating a hierarchical structure of individual blocks of the program).
• Logical (based on the theory of the apparatus of mathematical logic and resolution rules).
• Object-oriented (in such programming, algorithms are no longer used, but objects that belong to a certain class).
• Multi-paradigm (combine several paradigms, and the programmer himself decides which language to use in this or that case).
• Functional (the main elements are functions that change value depending on the results of the calculations of the initial data).

Programming for beginners

Many people ask what is programming? Basically, it is a way to communicate with a computer. Thanks to programming languages, we can set specific tasks for various devices by creating special applications or programs. When studying this science at the initial stage, the most important thing is to choose suitable (interesting for you) programming languages. The list for beginners is below:

• Basic was invented in 1964, belongs to the family of high-level languages ​​and is used to write application programs.
• Python ("Python") is quite easy to learn due to its simple, readable syntax, but the advantage is that it can be used to create both ordinary desktop programs and web applications.
• Pascal ("Pascal") - one of the oldest languages ​​(1969) created for teaching students. Its modern modification has strict typing and structure, but "Pascal" is a completely logical language that is understandable on an intuitive level.

This is not a complete list of programming languages ​​for beginners. There are a huge number of syntaxes that are easy to understand and will definitely be in demand in the coming years. Everyone has the right to independently choose the direction that will be interesting for him.

Beginners have the opportunity to accelerate the learning of programming and its basics thanks to special tools. The main assistant is the Visual Basic integrated development environment for programs and applications (“Visual Basic” is also a programming language that inherited the style of the Basic language of the 1970s).

Programming language levels

All formalized languages ​​designed to create, describe programs and algorithms for solving problems on computers are divided into two main categories: low-level programming languages ​​(the list is given below) and high-level ones. Let's talk about each of them separately.

Low-level languages ​​are designed to create machine instructions for processors. Their main advantage is that they use mnemonic notation, that is, instead of a sequence of zeros and ones (from the binary number system), the computer remembers a meaningful abbreviated word from the English language. The most famous low-level languages ​​are "Assembler" (there are several subspecies of this language, each of which has much in common, but differs only in a set of additional directives and macros), CIL (available in the .Net platform) and JAVA Bytecode.

High-level programming languages: list

High-level languages ​​are designed for convenience and efficiency of applications, they are the exact opposite of low-level languages. Their distinguishing feature is the presence of semantic constructions that concisely and briefly describe the structures and algorithms of the programs. In low-level languages, their description in machine code would be too long and incomprehensible. High-level languages, on the other hand, are platform independent. Instead, compilers perform the translator function: they translate the program text into elementary machine instructions.

The following list of programming languages: C ("C"), C # ("C-sharp"), "Fortran", "Pascal", Java ("Java") - is among the most used high-level syntaxes. It has the following properties: these languages ​​work with complex structures, support string data types and file I/O operations, and also have the advantage of being much easier to work with due to readability and understandable syntax.

Most used programming languages

In principle, you can write a program in any language. The question is, will it work efficiently and without fail? That is why the most suitable programming languages ​​should be chosen for solving various problems. The popularity list can be summarized as follows:

• OOP languages: Java, C++, Python, PHP, VisualBasic and JavaScript;
• group of structural languages: Basic, Fortran and Pascal;
• multi-paradigm: C#, Delphi, Curry and Scala.

Scope of programs and applications

The choice of the language in which this or that program is written depends largely on the area of ​​its application. So, for example, to work with the computer hardware itself (writing drivers and supporting programs), the best option would be C ("C") or C ++, which are included in the main programming languages ​​(see the list above). And for the development of mobile applications, including games, you should choose Java or C # ("C-sharp").

If you have not yet decided which direction to work in, we recommend that you start learning with C or C ++. They have a very clear syntax, a clear structural division into classes and functions. In addition, knowing C or C ++, you can easily learn any other programming language.

Before you want to learn any programming language, you need to know a little about their history and where they are used.

I present to you a brief overview of 25 famous programming languages. Starting from the most famous to the least popular. The article is made for beginners in the field of programming. You can read about each language and choose the one you like best to learn.

Before you start learning programming languages, I recommend that you take a course on .

1.JavaScript

Prototype-oriented scripting language. JavaScript was originally created to make web pages come alive. In the browser, they are connected directly to the HTML and, as soon as the page is loaded, they are immediately executed.

When the JavaScript language was created, it originally had a different name: "LiveScript". But then Java was very popular, and marketers decided that a similar name would make the new language more popular.

It was planned that JavaScript would be a kind of "little brother" of Java. However, history has decreed in its own way, JavaScript has grown a lot, and now it is a completely independent language, with its own specification, and has nothing to do with Java.

2 Java

Strongly typed object-oriented programming language. Java applications are usually translated into special bytecode so they can run on any computer architecture using the Java Virtual Machine.

The advantage of this way of executing programs is the complete independence of the bytecode from the operating system and hardware, which allows you to run Java applications on any device for which there is a corresponding virtual machine. Another important feature of Java technology is a flexible security system, in which the execution of the program is completely controlled by the virtual machine.

The language was originally called Oak (“Oak”) and was developed by James Gosling for programming consumer electronic devices. Subsequently, it was renamed to Java and began to be used for writing client applications and server software.

3 PHP

It is a common open source general purpose interpreted language (scripting language). PHP was created specifically for web development and the code on it can be embedded directly into the HTML code. The syntax of the language comes from C, Java and Perl and is easy to learn.

The main purpose of PHP is to enable web developers to quickly create dynamically generated web pages, but the scope of PHP is not limited to this.

4.Python

A high-level, general-purpose programming language focused on developer productivity, code readability, and web application development. The Python core syntax is minimalistic. Code in Python is organized into functions and classes, which can be combined into modules.

5.C#

Object-oriented programming language. It was developed in 1998-2001 by a group of engineers led by Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft as an application development language for the Microsoft .NET Framework. C# belongs to a family of languages ​​with C-like syntax, of which its syntax is closest to C++ and Java.

The language is statically typed, supports polymorphism, operator overloading, delegates, attributes, events, properties, generic types and methods, iterators, anonymous functions with closure support, LINQ, exceptions, XML comments.

6. C++

Compiled, statically typed, general purpose programming language. It is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Winamp and the Adobe product line were developed with C++. Also, some modern games and operating systems have been developed in C++ due to fast processing and compilation.

7. Ruby

A simple and readable programming language focused on developing web applications. Designed by Yukihiro Matsumto in 1995. The language has an operating system-independent implementation of multithreading, strong dynamic typing, and a garbage collector.

The main purpose of Ruby is to create simple and at the same time understandable programs, where it is not the speed of the program that is important, but the short development time, clarity and simplicity of the syntax. The language follows the principle of "least surprise": the program should behave as the programmer expects.

8. CSS

Cascading Style Sheets (cascading style sheets) is a formal language for describing the appearance of a document written using a markup language.
It is mainly used as a means of describing the appearance of web pages written using the HTML and XHTML markup languages, but can also be applied to any XML documents.

9.C

Compiled statically typed general purpose programming language. The C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs. It is the forerunner of such programming languages ​​as C++, Java, C#, JavaScript and Perl. For this reason, the study of this language leads to the understanding of other languages. The C language is used to develop low-level applications, as it is considered closest to the hardware.

10. Objective-C

Compiled object-oriented programming language used by the Apple Corporation, built on top of the C language and Smalltalk paradigms. The Objective-C language is a superset of the C language, so the C code is fully understandable by the Objective-C compiler. The language is used primarily for Mac OS X (Cocoa) and GNUstep, implementations of the OpenStep object-oriented interface. The language is also used for iOS (Cocoa Touch).

11 Shell

It is not so much a language as a command interpreter (command language). Its scripts are used to automate software updates. Contains standard constructs for loops, branching, function declarations. The UNIX family of operating systems uses SHELL as the standard job control language.

12. R

A programming language for statistical data processing and graphics, and a free and open source computing environment under the GNU project. R is widely used as statistical data analysis software and has become the de facto standard for statistical software. R uses a command line interface.

13. Pearl

High-level interpreted general purpose dynamic programming language. The name of the language is an abbreviation that stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language - "a practical language for extracting data and compiling reports." The main feature of the language is its rich possibilities for working with text, including working with regular expressions built into the syntax. At the moment it is used for a wide range of tasks, including system administration, web development, network programming, games, bioinformatics, and development of graphical user interfaces.

14 Scala

A multi-paradigm programming language designed to be concise and type-safe for easy and fast creation of component software, combining the features of functional and object-oriented programming. Scala programs are similar to Java programs in many ways, and can interact freely with Java code.

15.Go

Compiled multi-threaded programming language developed by Google. The Go language was developed as a systems programming language for creating highly efficient programs that run on modern distributed systems and multi-core processors. It can be seen as an attempt to create a replacement for the C language. During development, special attention was paid to ensuring high-performance compilation. Go programs are compiled into object code and do not require a virtual machine to run.

16.SQL

Structured query language. a formal non-procedural programming language used to create, modify, and manipulate data in an arbitrary relational database managed by an appropriate database management system. SQL is primarily an information-logical language for describing, modifying, and retrieving data stored in relational databases. Each SQL statement is either a query for data from a database or a database call that changes data in the database.

17. Haskell

Standardized pure functional programming language for general purposes. It is one of the most common programming languages ​​with support for lazy evaluation. A distinctive feature of the language is a serious attitude to typing. Haskell is an excellent language for learning and experimenting with complex functional data types.

18. Swift

An open multi-paradigm general-purpose compiled programming language. Created by Apple primarily for iOS and OS X developers. Swift works with the Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks and is compatible with Apple's core Objective-C codebase. Swift was conceived as a language that was easier to read and more resistant to programmer errors than the Objective-C that preceded it. Swift has borrowed quite a lot from Objective-C, however, it is not defined by pointers, but by the types of variables that the compiler handles. Many scripting languages ​​work on a similar principle.

19.Matlab

A high-level interpreted programming language that includes matrix-based data structures, a wide range of functions, an integrated development environment, object-oriented features, and interfaces to programs written in other programming languages. Programs written in MATLAB are of two types - functions and scripts. Functions have input and output arguments, as well as their own workspace for storing intermediate results of calculations and variables. Scripts share a common workspace. Both scripts and functions are saved as text files and compiled to machine code dynamically.

20 Visual Basic

A programming language and integrated software development environment developed by Microsoft Corporation. The Visual Basic language has inherited the spirit, style, and syntax of its ancestor, the BASIC language, which has many dialects. At the same time, Visual Basic combines procedures and elements of object-oriented and component-oriented programming languages.

Visual Basic is also a good tool for rapid development of RAD database applications for Microsoft Windows operating systems. Many ready-made components supplied with the environment are designed to help the programmer immediately start developing the business logic of the application, without diverting his attention to writing the program launch code.

21. Delphi

An imperative, structured, object-oriented programming language with strong static typing of variables. The main area of ​​use is writing application software.

To date, along with support for the development of 32 and 64-bit programs for Windows, it is possible to create applications for Apple Mac OS X, as well as for Google Android (directly executed on an ARM processor).

22. Groovy

An object-oriented programming language designed for the Java platform as a complement to the Java language with Python, Ruby, and Smalltalk capabilities. Groovy uses a Java-like syntax with dynamic compilation to JVM bytecode and works directly with other Java code and libraries. The language can be used in any Java project or as a scripting language.

23. Visual Basic .NET

An object-oriented programming language that can be considered as the next round of the evolution of Visual Basic, implemented on the Microsoft .NET platform. VB.NET is not backward compatible with an earlier version (Visual Basic 6.0). The development of projects of old versions (*.vbp) is possible only after their preliminary conversion to the VB.NET format by a special wizard (Migration Wizard); however, after conversion, significant manual revision of the texts is required.

24.D

A multi-paradigm compiled programming language created by Walter Bright of Digital Mars. D was originally conceived as a reengineering of the C++ language, however, despite the significant influence of C++, it is not a variant of it. Also, the language was influenced by concepts from the programming languages ​​Python, Ruby, C#, Java, Eiffel.

25. Assembler

A low-level machine-oriented language with instructions that do not always correspond to those of the machine, which may provide additional features such as macros; autocode extended by high-level programming language constructs, such as expressions, macros, program modularity tools.

Assembly language is a notation used to represent programs written in machine code in a human-readable form. The assembly language allows the programmer to use alphabetic mnemonic operation codes, assign symbolic names to computer registers and memory at his own discretion, and also set addressing schemes that are convenient for him. In addition, it allows you to use different number systems to represent numeric constants and makes it possible to mark lines of the program with labels with symbolic names so that they can be accessed.

Instruction

To write the text of any computer program, one of the many programming languages ​​is used. All of them are sets of specific commands - operators, as well as descriptions. As a rule, these commands are based on, therefore, if you know English, reading the text of the program, you can even understand what the computer will do for a particular command. However, the computer of the English language, unlike you, does not know - in order for it to understand them, the compiler “translates” these commands into machine language. Each programming language has its own compiler.

The first ones, including: ADA, Basic, Algol, Fortran and others, which were popular in the 60-70s, have not been used for a long time, but C ++, for example, created in 1983, remains in demand today, many special software products are written in it. Basic, which appeared in 1991, is still in demand; as well as Pascal (Delphi development environment), Java, JavaScript and Ruby created in 1995. Of the new ones, we can name ActionScript and Nemerle, which appeared in 1998 and 2006, respectively.

The listed programming languages ​​are still relevant, as they are constantly being modified, and their new versions are adapted to the needs that exist today. This primarily applies to the C++ language. Despite the fact that in some cases the program code compiled in this language turns out to be quite cumbersome, the use of ready-made templates helps to solve this problem, significantly improving the performance of software products.

The Visual Basic development environment, developed by the famous Microsoft, is also used by most programmers, allowing not only to create compact program code in the Basic language, but also to use a convenient built-in constructor for the user interface. But to create websites, programmers use the PHP language, which is considered universal and works with any operating system. It is also used as a user interface constructor. However, the significant disadvantages of this language include the fact that code written in earlier versions will not be supported by new ones.

Java is also capable of running on any platform, but to write programs in this language, you must use the dialect that is intended for this type of software product. Multifunctionality, versatility and simplicity are distinguished by the programming languages ​​Pascal and JavaScript. The first is more often used to create software products for the OS, such as Total Commander and QIP, and the second is written in most modern browsers.