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Types of system programs. Classification of system programs and their functions

The system does not solve specific practical problems, but only ensures the operation of other programs, providing them with service functions that abstract the details of the hardware and firmware implementation computing system, manages the hardware resources of the computing system.

System Programming- creation of a system software.

System programmer- a programmer specializing in system programming.

The assignment of this or that software to the system is conditional, and depends on the conventions used in a particular context. As a rule, system software includes operating systems, utilities, programming systems, database management systems, and a wide class of middleware.

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OS

Basic operating system ideas

Predecessor operating systems should be considered utilities(bootloaders and monitors), and libraries of commonly used routines that began development with the advent of 1st generation general purpose computers (late 1940s). Utilities minimized the operator's physical manipulations with equipment, and libraries made it possible to avoid multiple programming of the same actions (performing input-output operations, calculating mathematical functions etc.).

Built-in programs

Embedded programs or firmware are programs "wired" into digital electronic devices... In some cases (for example, BIOS of IBM-PC compatible computers) are in fact part of the operating system, stored in permanent memory. In enough simple devices the entire operating system can be embedded. Many devices modern computers have their own "firmware" that controls these devices and simplifies interaction with them.

Utilities

Utilities (English utility or tool) - programs designed to solve a narrow range of auxiliary tasks. Sometimes utilities are classified as service software.

Utilities are used to monitor sensor indicators and hardware performance (for example, monitor processor or video adapter temperatures), manage hardware parameters (limiting maximum speed rotation of the CD drive; changing the fan rotation speed), performance monitoring (checking the referential integrity; correct data recording), expanding capabilities (formatting or re-partitioning the disk while preserving the data, deleting it without the possibility of recovery).

Types of utilities

  • Disk utilities
    • Disk check - search for incorrectly recorded or damaged in various ways files and sections of the disk and their subsequent deletion for efficient use of disk space.
    • Disk Cleanup - delete temporary files, unnecessary files, cleaning the "basket".
    • Partitioning a disk - dividing a disk into logical disks, which can have different file systems and are perceived by the operating system as several different disks.
    • Backup - create backups entire disks and individual files, as well as recovery from these copies.
    • Compressing disks - compressing information on disks to increase the capacity of hard disks.
  • Registry utilities
  • Equipment monitoring utilities
  • Hardware tests

Programming systems

  • assemblers - computer programs that convert programs in the form of source text in assembly language into machine instructions in the form of object code;
  • translators - programs or technical means performing the broadcast of the program;
    • compilers - Programs that translate the text of a high-level language program into an equivalent program in machine language.
    • interpreters - Programs (sometimes hardware) that parse commands or program statements and immediately execute them;
  • linkers (link editors) - programs that make linking - take one or more object modules as input and assemble an executable module from them;
  • Source preprocessors are computer programs that take data as input and output data intended for the input of another program, such as a compiler;
  • debugger - modules of the development environment or individual programs designed to find errors in programs;
  • text editors - computer programs designed to create and modify text files, as well as their viewing on the screen, printing, searching for fragments of text, etc .;
    • specialized source editors - text editors to create and edit source code programs. A specialized source editor can be a standalone application, or be built into

In the modern world, it is no longer possible to imagine a work and home environment without a computer. Thanks to this machine, or rather the programs embedded in it, important processes of interaction between man and technology are carried out. The user takes a number of actions that allow him to solve the task at hand, for example, write text, draw a picture, create a table. Today, absolutely everything is computerized. It is impossible to imagine working in an office, school, or any other institution without a PC. Fortunately or unfortunately, communicating with a computer has become a part of life.

System programs control the processor, input, output, memory of a computer or laptop. They are intended for all users and are designed so that a PC can run them. Operating systems, which are also Windows programs, manage resources on the computer. There are utilities among the system ones. They are auxiliary, complement the capabilities of the computer OS and can independently solve certain problems.

What is it?

Windows system programs perform various functions, maintain disks, check the performance of the computer and its devices. For example, drivers execute many critical tasks supplied by the user. They are used to connect different devices... All system programs can be divided into three categories.

  • Applications edit texts, images, process information.
  • Instrumental create new programs.
  • System ones perform a number of additional functions, for example, create copies ready information, issue reference information, check the performance of all PC devices.

The computer software is the control center. It consists of specific programs: operating systems, service and programming.

Where can I download?

System programs for a computer can be easily downloaded for free on the Internet. The danger lies in the fact that system files on various sites may contain malicious, virus programs. Before downloading unknown files, make sure they are reliable and will not harm your computer.

Programs

System programs include: utilities for tracking operations performed on files and calls to the registry (RegMon, FileMon), programs for cleaning the registry (RegCleaner). Running various programs done with Resplendid Resolver. Tracking data on running processes is under control Process Explorer... During system start Windows editing and the display is provided by Autoruns.

In addition, system programs create symbolic links, launch applications, and perform a number of other actions. For example, Avira System Speedup, designed for Windows platforms, is looking for obsolete, not used for a long time program files and removing them. The peculiarity is that it increases the speed of the operating system.

Well-known antivirus program Avast Free Antivirus detects viruses on your computer's hard drive, downloads, memory and blocks them. The databases are updated regularly via the Internet. Avast has a clear and simple interface. System utilities CCleaner for Windows clean the junk in the computer OS, delete temporary and unused files.

How to install?

Installation system programs requires certain skills and knowledge from the user. You can entrust this to specialists, or try to download and install the necessary complex yourself. As a rule, system drivers, operating system (Windows), utilities, plugins, system resuscitators, BIOS are installed. In order to install the popular Windows 7 program, decide where it will run from: from a disk or flash drive. After starting the installation window will appear. Select what is suggested in the lines, click "Next" and "Install". Agree with license agreement, click Next. Select the "Full Installation" type.

Now it's time to choose a hard drive. Its usual volume is 35 Gigabytes. Click "New" - "Apply" - "Next". Installation starts system files and the process of setting up the operating system. When finished, you can set a username and password, change the date, time and other parameters. If anyone is wondering how to reinstall a system program, uninstall it completely from your computer. Go to "Control Panel" - "Add or Remove Programs", restart your computer and start a new operation.

Operating system

What system programs are there? One of the most important is the operating system, which controls the computer and consists of a whole set of programs. She also plans the efficient use of PC resources, expands its hardware. The operating system independently allocates computer resources, manages, organizes work and ensures the computer normal functioning in three modes: single-program, multi-program and multitasking.

The main purpose of the operating system is to ensure the normal operation of the computer in any of the three modes. In addition, the system must dynamically allocate and manage resources in accordance with computing processes. Resources can be hardware and software. The former includes RAM, peripheral devices, a microprocessor, and the latter, any software that helps to manage data and processes. The operating system is the intermediary between the user and the computer. She analyzes requests and fulfills them.

Most computers today run the Windows operating system. For example, Windows 2000 Professional belongs to the new generation and is used to conduct business on the Internet. Its advantages are ease of use, reliability, economy and safety.

Service

These programs increase the capabilities of the operating system, ensure smooth operation of the PC, automation of development, and include a programming language, libraries and translators. Service programs are also called utilities. They are involved in the maintenance of the computer. The service providers check the hardware and software and provide the user with the collected data. There are multifunctional and separate sets of utilities for Windows. Service programs include drivers, archivers and antiviruses.

Drivers are an add-on to the operating system. They serve peripherals. They are loaded into the PC memory and installed by the controllers. One example is the keyboard driver.

Antiviruses protect computer data from viruses. They destroy the consequences of infections and prevent danger.

Archivers create copies of files, reduce them in size, combine them and put them in a separate package. V in this case special methods of data compression are used. One of the most popular archivers is WinRar.

Utilities

System programs include a set of utilities. Translated from Latin, utillitas means "benefit." They are really of great benefit to the computer. These are utilities that provide the user with Additional services... For example, using the disk defragmentation utility, its work is optimized, which has a positive effect on speed. The checker scans the correctness of the information on the disk, which is contained in the tables, and also searches for errors. The compaction utility creates and maintains compressed disks. The optimization program changes the location of the files so that you can get to them faster.

Windows 10

System programs for Windows 10 must be suitable for a specific operating system. The new OS has updated interface, including the Start menu. It can be customized, resized, managed, deleted unnecessary items, add the ones you want. Windows 10 has a new Action Center that appears on the right side of the desktop. In the center you can find full information about the operation of the OS, as well as find out about the problems that have arisen.

Virtual voice assistant, or the Cortana assistant, can help plan important events, book hotel reservations, and even keep up a conversation with the user. In addition, Windows 10 has a new browser that will compete with many. Key features Microsoft Edge - high speed work, data processing, convenient and beautiful interface... The new version supports hybrid PCs, it is possible to create multiple virtual desktops. The email client has also changed for the better. Now the user can format correspondence texts, use new tools, images and markers.

Peculiarities

System software programs enable the computer to perform whole line tasks and work smoothly. Personal computers are devices that process data. They do not have any knowledge, but perform actions written in a programming language they understand. It is the utilities that perform all the tasks on the computer. Each user creates working space independently, by downloading certain programs. For example, an accountant will have computing programs on a computer, a designer will have photo editors. What tasks it will perform depends on their variety and number on the PC. If you want to use your device effectively, you need to know what programs are available and how to work with them.

Functions

System programs solve the problem of communication between the user and the computer, increase the efficiency of the PC, provide comfortable work... The operating system includes additional functions: managing computer resources, providing a set of commands for user convenience, providing clear interface... They share resources between user, organization, and processes. In addition, the programs execute protective function, guarantee the security of rights, reserve devices, data, monitor the stability of the OS.

Performance

The way the new Windows system programs work is a measure of performance. It is rated on a scale from 1.0 to 7.9 points. The evaluation is performed by the operating system, which provides the final data in the form of a table. The performance index is determined by the smallest indicator of the tested component.

This information can be used to improve the productivity of your computer. If you want to view the performance index on Windows 7, click on the "Computer" icon located on the desktop, right click mouse and select "Properties".

Deleting

Removing system programs is necessary if they are infected with viruses, are not used, or are filling up disk space. If you need to uninstall the Windows operating system due to installing two operating systems at the same time or reinstall it again, first decide which one you want to keep. For example, you have different versions installed - 7 and 8.

  • During the uninstallation process, all programs on the computer must be closed.
  • Go to your desktop, press the Win + R key combination, enter msconfig in an empty line and confirm the "Ok" command.
  • In the window that appears, go to the "Download" tab, select the operating system that you are leaving, click "Use as default".
  • Next, select the system you are going to get rid of and click "Remove".
  • A small window will appear, select "Restart".
  • After the computer restarts, the abandoned system will start working.
  • Next, you will need to format the old files on the hard drive "C" in the partition where the second operating system was located. it radical method, which will delete all information stored there, including system programs for your computer. Be careful!

Very often, novice computer users wonder what system programs are. If you know the principles of their work and the correct application, you can get a lot. The least that can be done is to eliminate system errors or speed up the functioning of the OS.

General concepts

As the name suggests, such applications are special utilities and means for monitoring the computer system. With their help, you can diagnose all elements of the system and computer, configure the maximum level of PC capabilities, and more. Such utilities act as a layer between the operating system, installed software and computer elements.

Driver packages are an example of such programs. To fully understand what these programs are, you need to know their varieties and what functions they perform.

Classes system utilities and their functions

Everything system applications are divided into several main categories. Among them are: managers, processing, basic and service. On a superficial consideration of system utilities, it can be noted that managers are designed to use information from the operating system and are responsible for the correct operation of active processes.

The processing software is designed to ensure the exchange of information between the OS and the installed components. Basic utilities are an essential software package for the normal operation of the operating system. Service applications are tools for diagnosing and increasing the productivity of modern operating systems.

Windows system utilities

If we consider Microsoft Windows operating systems, it is worth noting that they have a minimal software package that is loaded into the computer when the operating system is installed. For example, in Windows 7, system utilities can be found in the Start menu by selecting Programs, then Accessories, and then System Tools. In addition, there are a couple of directories: "Maintenance" and "Administration".

These folders contain all system programs that scan, optimize, protect, resuscitate, create backups and more. Not many users work with these programs, preferring third-party development. And this is partly justified.

It is impossible to remove system programs of the operating system. Such manipulations as in Android operating systems, where, if you have root rights, you can uninstall any system utility, are not performed here. You can remove only those programs that were installed by the user himself. And this is correct, because after the elimination of some system utility, the entire operating system may stop working.

Third party software

Windows is by far the most popular operating system among computer users. However, it is ahead of everyone in terms of the number of flaws, the presence of vulnerabilities, the minimum package of functions and the lack of the right tools... Most likely, this reason forces many manufacturers of system software to create many programs and application packages designed for this operating system. It is worth noting that there are absolutely no system administration applications in Windows.

Well, everything is quite complicated here. The bottom line is that quite often the message "The program cannot be started" appears. It depends on the fact that not all utilities are capable of loading into the OS due to inappropriate requirements, different structure of the operating system and installed software, lack of required drivers etc. However, system utilities third party manufacturers much more than Microsoft. It is necessary that on the computer of each user there is a certain set of programs.

Antivirus

It is important that after installation or reinstallation of the operating system, an anti-virus program is initially loaded, which would be able to provide multi-level computer protection. It involves monitoring external threats, blocking viruses from entering the PC's RAM, checking the network and working on the Internet, and more.

Each user independently chooses an antivirus. To date, there is no shortage of them. The most popular are Kaspersky Lab programs developed by Eset, Dr.Web, Norton Antivirus and others.

Each antivirus has its own advantages and disadvantages. In addition, some programs are distributed free of charge and are not limited in terms of operating time. Others are paid and very expensive. In general, everyone must decide for himself.

Archivers

This is another required component that must be present on every computer. Often, such applications are embedded in the shell of the operating system by default. The best archivers, according to users, are WinRAR, WinZIP, 7-Zip. What are they needed for? Everything is very simple. Today archives are used almost everywhere. Downloading files large sizes from the network is performed in the form of an archive.

Utilities for testing the system and its components

In this case, you can use and standard means operating systems, however, they do not always provide detailed information about the state of the system and its elements. For example, by going to "My Computer" - "Properties", you can see only the basic characteristics of the computer and the operating system.

This is also the case with DirectX. However, in this case the data is a little more detailed. But even it does not reflect everything that utilities from other manufacturers are capable of. The only advantage of DirectX is the ability to test various Plug & Play gadgets.

You can find out about the load of the operating system or get acquainted with the detailed data by going to the "System Configuration" section, which is called with msconfig command... You can also visit the "System Information" section through the "Control Panel". In addition, you can call the "Task Manager" using the Ctrl + Alt + Del buttons.

It is much easier to work with programs like Everest, which are able to display detailed characteristics of installed elements and monitor parameter settings online.

In addition, you can use system administration applications that can perform health checks. local network, its correct operation, to prevent ingress of threats or unauthorized access to servers and computers.

Optimizers

These kinds of programs are also very important. Every user should understand this. After a certain time, the system begins to slow down, as this is affected by the accumulated debris and various rubbish. In addition, this can happen due to the presence of a lot of fragmented data. In this case, you can use standard operating system tools for cleaning and defragmentation, but from practice, it can be noted that they are less functional than third-party applications.

The case for the registry is even worse. Windows does not have tools to clean it up. Eliminate or modify incorrect or old keys and entries in manual mode it is very difficult, and there is a risk of depriving the operating system of working capacity.

Basically, all programs of this type are universal sets that have a fairly wide range of tools for performing any operations. These include a utility for correcting system errors, a defragmenter for a hard drive, a cleaner for trash on a disk or RAM, which are constantly active processes or services.

You can also note the presence of an optimizer and defragmenter of the system registry, which make it possible to painlessly delete unnecessary data and structure it for quick access. In addition, such software includes an uninstaller to eliminate existing software without leaving any traces after it, and much more.

No one will deny the versatility and convenience of using such applications. The most popular programs this segment are CCleaner, Advanced System Care, Ashampoo WinOptimizer, etc. In addition, it is worth noting that absolutely all of these utilities have an advanced one-click troubleshooting mode.

Utilities for creating copies and backup

System software for Reserve copy information on the hard drive, drivers and the operating system image is as important as the rest of the software. Using such applications, you can return working condition operating system in a few minutes. In addition, when saving images of a hard drive, its logical divisions or portable drives, you should not worry about the safety of data even with a complete breakdown. hard disk, USB stick and portable HDD.

Such capabilities are also available in the Windows operating system. Standard tools allow to do special disc for resuscitation or use the "System Restore" menu in the "Control Panel". However, they can malfunction. In some cases, the presence of an error on the hard drive in the area that is mistaken for control point, does not allow resuscitation. At the same time, even a disk scan with automatic error removal may not bring the desired result.

In this case, special programs like Acronis can help. True Image, which represents the most advanced utility in terms of using the capabilities in the performed manipulations and precise settings... In addition, image processing utilities can come to the rescue.

Additional options

In addition, among the additional tools for comfortable work it is necessary to install packages of codecs and decoders that allow you to watch video and listen to music. The most common such package is K-Lite Codec Pack.

In addition, Adobe is required. Flash Player which allows you to reproduce various types streaming video online. You also need applications such as Adobe Reader, designed to process documents with PDF extension, which today is one of the most popular in its field. Latest program is not systemic, however, it is simply necessary on a computer. After all, most of the technical documentation and operating manuals come with just such an extension.

Conclusion

The above system programs are basic, i.e. those required for correct work operating systems and optimization of its functioning. There are many different system software that allow you to solve specific problems. It is simply unrealistic to describe everything, therefore, if any problems arise, you need to find the desired program and install it on your computer.

Test

by discipline: "Informatics"

System programs

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… ... 3

1.System software. Concept and functions …………………… 4

2. Operating system. Composition and purpose ………………………………… ... 5

3. Programming systems …………………………………………………… ..7

4. Service programs ………………………………………………………… 8

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… ... 9

References ……………………………………………………………… 10


INTRODUCTION

Computers are universal devices for information processing. Unlike a telephone, tape recorder or TV, which perform only the functions that are predetermined in them, personal computers can perform any actions to process information. To do this, it is necessary to compose an exact and detailed sequence of instructions for the computer in a language it understands, i.e. a program for how to process information. The computer itself does not possess knowledge in any area of ​​its application; all this knowledge is concentrated in programs executed on the computer. Therefore, the often used expression "computer made" means exactly that a program was executed on the computer that allowed performing the corresponding actions.

By changing programs for your computer, you can turn it into workplace almost any specialist to play any game. During their execution, programs can use various devices for data input and output.

Thus, for effective use of a computer, it is necessary to know the purpose and properties of the programs required when working with it. The purpose of this test is to study system programs.

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE.

CONCEPT AND FUNCTIONS

Programs running on a computer can be divided into several categories:

Application programs that directly ensure the performance of the work necessary for users: editing texts, drawing pictures, processing information arrays;

Instrumental systems (programming systems providing the creation of new programs on a computer);

System programs that execute various secondary functions, for example, making copies of the information used, issuing reference information about the computer, checking the performance of computer devices.

Thus, software Is a set of programs and rules with all related documentation that allow the use of a computer to resolve different tasks. System software Is a complex software modules, many of which come with your computer.

By functional purpose in system software, three components can be distinguished: operating systems (OS), programming systems and service programs.

Operating system - a set of programs that provide computer control, planning the effective use of its resources and solving problems as instructed by users. This system can be considered as a software continuation and extension of the personal computer hardware.

Programming system - a set of software tools that automate the development and debugging of programs.

2. OPERATING SYSTEM. COMPOSITION AND PURPOSE

To execute any program on a computer, at least two resources are required: random access memory (RAM) for storing commands and data and a microprocessor (MP) for executing program commands. The specified resources can be provided to the program by the programmer, if he manually places commands and data in the OP and enters the information into the machine to start the MT. However, this method is not acceptable for large programs since is very time consuming and slow. The operating system of a computer is designed to free the programmer from the painstaking work associated with the allocation of computer resources, control of its hardware and organization of program execution. It can ensure the operation (functioning) of the computer in one of three modes:

1. One-program mode. In this mode, all computer resources are presented to only one program that performs data processing.

2. Multi-program mode . When a computer operates in a multi-program mode, several programs, independent of each other, process data simultaneously. At the same time, programs share resources among themselves. The basis of the multiprogramming mode is the combination of the MP operation in time and the execution of manipulations with peripheral devices. The advantage of multi-program mode compared to single-program mode is more efficient use resources. There are several programs in the computer's RAM at the same time, but at any given time the MP executes only one.

3. Multitasking mode. In some cases, it is necessary that the implementation of several programs was coordinated and subordinate to the achievement of one common goal. To do this, the OS must have tools that allow tasks to interact with each other. The operating system in which these tools are implemented provides multitasking functionality.

The purpose of the operating system. The main purpose of the OS, which ensures the operation of a computer in any of the described modes, is the dynamic allocation of resources and their management in accordance with the requirements of computing processes. A resource is any object that can be distributed by an operating system between computing processes in a computer. Distinguish between hardware and software resources. Hardware includes a microprocessor, random access memory, and peripheral devices; To software resources – available to the user software tools for managing computational processes and data. The operating system mediates between the computer and the user, analyzes the user's requests and ensures their execution.

3. PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS

A programming system is a set of tools that automate the development and debugging of programs, and includes programming languages, translators from these languages, libraries of subroutines. Each computer has its own programming language - the language of machine programs and can directly execute programs written only in this language. As a numeric language, machine language is not very useful for programming, because requires a lot of time from the programmer. For this reason, programming languages ​​that do not coincide with machine languages ​​have become widespread. High-level languages ​​include Pascal, C, BASIC and others. Assembler languages ​​play a special role. Assembly language is usually used by system programmers.

A program written in a programming language other than a machine must be converted into a form suitable for execution by a computer. This transformation is called broadcast. A program that converts a source module into an objective machine language program is called a translator. In addition, translators carry out parsing the program that is being broadcast. They can also debug and optimize programs, issue documentation for the program, and perform a number of other service functions.

4. SERVICE PROGRAMS

Service programs expand the capabilities of the OS. These are commonly referred to as utilities. Utilities (utilities) - present the user with aids to maintain the computer. They perform necessary checks software and hardware and provide the collected information in a convenient visual form. Exists separate utilities used to solve one service function, and multifunctional utility suites. Nowadays, Norton Utilities (Semantec) is often used in DOS and Windows environments.

Drivers (drivers) are programs that complement operating systems by providing services peripheral devices... Drivers are loaded into computer memory when the operating system is loaded or installed by controllers. For example, the ru.com keyboard driver switches from the Latin alphabet to Russian and vice versa.

Antivirus are designed to protect data from the destruction of computer viruses and eliminate the consequences of infection. The most popular anti-virus programs are AIDSTEST, Dr.Web and Adinf, which are included in the set of Dialog-Nauka JSC (I. Danilov), AVP - Anti Viral Toolkit PRO (E. Kaspersky) and Norton AntiVirus (Semantec). Antivirus software run on different sets of viruses, and there is no duplication of checks, therefore, for reliability, they are used together.

Archivers are used to create a smaller copy of files and combine a copy of multiple files into one archive file... They are due to the application special methods compression of information create archive files. Among a large number of well-known archiving programs, ARJ (Robert Jung), WinRar (Eugene Roshal), LH (Haruyasi Yoshizaki) and others are currently most commonly used. They differ from each other in the degree of information compression, the speed of work and the packing methods.

CONCLUSION

Thus, system software is a collection of software and linguistic means... System software is designed to control the operation of a computer, allocate its resources, maintain a dialogue with users, assist them in computer maintenance, as well as to partially automate the development of new programs.

System software (system software);

Basic software concepts

Section 5 Computer hardware software

Lecture 10

in the discipline "Informatics and ICT"

THEME 2 "ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING OF COMPUTERS"

5.1. Basic software concepts

5.2. System software (system software);

5.3. System software specifications

One of the fundamental principles building modern computers is the principle program control, which consists in the fact that the sequence of actions of the computer is determined by a predetermined program. This principle provides the versatility of the computer, since the computer can be used to solve any problem, which is described by a sequence of actions leading to the desired result.

Computer program (electronic computer)- an objective form of presentation of a set of data and commands intended for the operation of computers and other computer devices in order to obtain a certain result, including preparatory materials obtained during the development of a computer program and the audiovisual displays generated by it. Law of the Russian Federation dated 09.07.93 N 5351-I, art. 4.

For the normal work of the user, one program is not enough that provides a solution to a specific problem, therefore, in the architecture of a computer, a broader concept is used - software. Software (software) computer is called soft hardware or SOFTWARE.

Software- a set of programs, procedures and rules that ensure the interaction of hardware, as well as the interaction of the user with the computer system. The computer software functions at several interconnected levels, forming a hierarchy, in which each subsequent level is based on the software of the previous levels.

Depending on the functions performed by the software, it can be divided into 2 groups:

2. Application software(application software).

System software (system software) organizes the processing of information on a computer and provides a normal working environment for application programs. System software is so closely tied to hardware that it is sometimes considered part of a computer.

Further development of technology initiated the emergence of new groups of functions of the operating system. The appearance of a keyboard for manually entering information into a computer led to the inclusion of programs in the operating system that process signals from the keyboard and their preliminary decoding. With the advent of monitors for a convenient presentation of intermediate and final results of the work of programs, the inclusion in the operating system of control functions for displaying text and graphic information on the display screen is associated.

Another typical function when working on a computer, it controls various external devices (hard drives, floppy disks, monitors, keyboards, etc.). These devices are manufactured by a wide variety of companies. Identical in purpose, they may have various characteristics and be completely controlled in different ways... To control an external device of a brand of a certain company, its own special program, which is called device driver .

Printer drivers exist, floppy drivers, mouse drivers, etc. If the computer comes with a certain set of external devices of some brands, then at the same time its software must include the appropriate drivers. Modern operating systems include a wide variety of generic drivers. Moreover, when the computer is turned on, they are able to automatically determine the type of device used and connect the appropriate driver to work (this service is called Plug & Play). Naturally, this is only possible if the device “knows how” to answer the question about its brand (the main manufacturers of computer equipment provide this service).

All modern operating systems (for example, UNIX or Windows NT) provide multitasking (simultaneous execution of several programs) and multiuser (simultaneous operation of several users) computer operating modes. Multitasking mode means the simultaneous operation of several programs on the computer. Of course, if the computer contains one CPU, it can execute only one program, however, the operating system organizes the work of the computer in such a way that it creates the illusion of simultaneous operation of several programs.

The multitasking mode of the computer requires the operating system to provide the following capabilities:

Parallel (pseudo-parallel) execution of several programs;

Placing tasks (i.e. programs) in the queue for execution;

Separation of processor resources, memory and access to external devices between programs.

Multiplayer mode the operation of a computer system (in particular, one computer) assumes the work of several users.

In multi-user mode, the following must additionally be performed:

Separation of processor resources, memory and access to external devices in accordance with the requests and priorities of users;

Protecting the data of one user from access by other users.

Time-sharing mode is called such an organization of multitasking and multiuser work of programs on one computer, in which each program, depending on the priority, is allocated a slice of time during which only this program is running. In this case, only a small part of the program is permanently in the computer's RAM, and its main part is loaded during the execution of the program and unloaded (released) after the end of the time slice allocated to the program.

This option is often used. when one main (usually interactive) program is running on the computer, which is often in standby mode, and another (computing) program that requires a large number time of the processor or external devices. When the first program is waiting, the second runs, when the first program starts running, the second stops. In this case, the second program is said to work in background... interaction with the operating system

Operating systems have evolved a lot since its inception. At first, several versions of the operating system were exploited on computing machines various firms. For a number of reasons, by the mid-1970s, most computers were using the machine instruction system and the company's operating system. IBM, named disk operating system (DOS) . The same firm was one of the pioneers in the development of personal computers. Those models of personal computers that borrowed the architecture and command system of the company IBM, began to be called IBM PC compatible computers.

Operating system based DOS several operating systems have been developed for these computers. Subsequently, almost all PC-compatible personal computers began to be serviced by the company's operating system. Microsoft, called MS DOS. Over time, new versions have appeared MS DOS, including more and more new services, but in general, the concept of the operating system of this company has remained unchanged.

The most important consequence of the use of operating systems when working with a computer is that, since typical operations of an application program are performed by OS utilities, the program can work only with the operating system for which it is oriented, i.e. programs have become relatively independent of the computer, the main thing is that the required OS is running on it. Modern operating systems are based on the concept virtual machine.

By virtual machine called an abstract machine with improved RAM characteristics (called virtual memory) and an unlimited number of external devices, ensuring absolute data security different programs... Application systems are focused on such an ideal virtual machine, and the task of the operating system is to organize the operation of a real computer in such a way that, from the point of view of an application program, it looks like a virtual machine. The implementation of a virtual machine using operating system tools is called emulation virtual machine.

Emergence computer networks led to the emergence of a new class typical tasks... To provide network communication network shells began to be used between personal computers (for example, the system NetWare firms Novell). Network shells, although often referred to as operating systems, are not fully functional operating systems because they assume that each individual computer has its own operating system. The functions of the network shell are performed by network modules that operate on the computers of the network.

From an OS point of view separate computer these network modules are application programs... The network shell takes over all the functions of ensuring the process of transferring data between computers using the following technique: for a user of one computer, data on another computer is presented as another external media information (disk) this computer... When trying to read in RAM the file of this disk (data or program) the operating system will refer to network module, and the subroutines included in Novell, ensure the correct transfer of data from one computer to another.

The next step in the development of operating systems was the inclusion of network functions... Such network operating systems include, for example, an operating system Windows NTn different versions UNIX. These systems support the operation of both an individual computer and a network. At the same time, they are entrusted with many additional network functions - actions related to the establishment of communication between network nodes and the transmission of data in the network.

However, the functions of the operating system discussed above are also partially changed. First of all, this applies to file system... When using network operating systems, the network file space is uniform, although different disks physically located on different media different computers... The user can perform the same operations with files that he performs with the files of a separate computer, without worrying about the fact that, in fact, information is being transferred from one computer to another.

Network OS are always multiplayer: you have to keep track of who launched specific program and who is using the file open on the system. An important function network operating system is to provide user access)! to data and programs. This feature has two aspects: checking the data privacy level and checking the user's privileges.

The network system has a mechanism to encode the data access layer and encode user privileges in such a way that it is always possible to determine whether a given user has access to this disk, catalog or a separate file... In addition, various password systems are used, which ensure access to the data of only the user who owns this data or who is allowed to use this data in full or with restrictions (for example, read-only).

Service software is a set of auxiliary programs designed to diagnose and configure hardware and software, to optimize data exchange and to perform other special tasks... Many service software programs are part of the operating system, but this is not required - a significant number of service software programs exist separately from the OS.

Let's highlight some important types of service programs.

Service programs (utilities)- auxiliary programs for providing control with input / output and processing devices and providing processed data in a user-friendly form.

Utilities- These are programs that perform any separate auxiliary functions to ensure the operation of other programs or hardware elements in order to correct errors or expand the ability to work with a computer. For example, programs for diagnosing and configuring hardware, formatting data carriers, writing and reading data, archiving data, antivirus scan etc. are utilities. Utilities usually have a user interface, that is, they are launched and managed by users.

Let's consider some types of utilities.

Archiving programs allow using special algorithms for packing information to compress information on disks, i.e. create smaller copies of files, as well as combine copies of multiple files into one archive file. The use of archiving programs is very useful when creating an archive of files, since in most cases it is much more convenient to store them, having previously compressed them with archiving programs. Data Representatives -WinRar programs and WinZip.

Programs for creating backup copies of information allow you to periodically copy important information on your computer hard drive to additional media. Backup software representatives - APBackUp, Acronis True Image.

Antivirus software designed to prevent infection computer viruses and elimination of the consequences of virus infection. Representatives of the antivirus family of programs - McAfee, Kaspersky Antivirus, DrWeb, Norton Antivirus.

Computer diagnostics software allow you to check the configuration of your computer (the amount of memory, its use, types of disks, etc.), check the health of your computer's devices, and evaluate its performance. Representatives of computer diagnostic programs - Sisoft Sandra, Norton System Information.

Disk optimization software enable more fast access to information on the disk by optimizing the placement of data on the disk. These programs move all sections of each file to each other (eliminate fragmentation), collect all files at the beginning of the disk, etc., thereby reducing the number of movements of the disk heads (i.e., speeding up data access) and reducing disk wear. Representatives of programs for disk optimization are Norton Disk Doctor, Microsoft Scandisk.

Screen Printing Software are very useful when using graphics programs to print screen contents, since it is by no means always possible to do this using the graphics program itself. Screen printing software representatives - SnagIt, HyperSnap-DX.

Let us now consider programs related to service software, but not utilities.

Skins are programs that implement a user interface, i.e. intended for the exchange of data between a computer and a user. For example, Windows OS contains a built-in shell - the Explorer program. But instead, you can use other shells, for example, the program Windows Commander which is not included in Windows.

Drivers are device control programs. Designed for interaction between the device and the operating system. A driver is a software add-on to a device and is developed by the device manufacturer. Drivers for many devices are included with the operating system.

Software development systems (programming systems) is a special group of software that does not belong to either system or application software. Programming systems are a collection of programs for the development, debugging and implementation of new software products.

Programming systems usually contain:

· Translators;

· Software development environment;

· Libraries of reference programs (functions, procedures);

Debuggers;

· Auxiliary programs.

Programming language translators- format translation source programs(written by a programmer) in required format to work with this operating system.

Programs Maintenance - to ensure the operation of various technical means used in information systems.

The system software ensures the operation of the computer, but does not solve any problems of processing information of interest to the user. These functions are performed by the next level of software - application software - the most important class of computer programs for the user.

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