home-Windows-How to evaluate the reliability of information received on the Internet. How to check the accuracy of information

How to evaluate the reliability of information received on the Internet. How to check the accuracy of information

Author Yakushina Ekaterina Viktorovna, Ph.D., Senior Researcher
laboratory of media education of ISMO RAO http://mediaeducation.ru/

Currently, the Internet is one of the most popular sources of information. It attracts people with the fact that it is quite simple and convenient to find any necessary data in it, online search takes much less time than obtaining information not only from books, encyclopedias, newspapers, but even from television and radio messages.

Internet technologies are constantly developing and replenished with new services and information resources, the audience is expanding, erasing regional, social and age boundaries. A teenager can deal with nuclear physics issues on an equal footing with adults, and an adult can play a network game with children, being at their level.

In general, a positive public opinion about the usefulness of the Internet has formed in modern society.

Nevertheless, despite the undeniable positive aspects, the information on the Internet is unreliable and chaotic, the substantiation of various statements may be incorrect, the interpretation of the facts is distorted. It is, in many cases, a product of the consciousness industry, whose activities are aimed at manipulating consumers of information for political, economic or other purposes. Therefore, you can not blindly trust the information received from the worldwide network. First of all, you need to learn how to control the reliability.

There are many examples of misinformation. First of all, this problem concerns the news sphere. Recently, many have been criticizing the official media, television and radio for "one-sidedness" in the presentation of information and prefer social networks, playing the role of "word of mouth", betraying, disseminating and commenting on deliberately false information.

Since only something unusual, sensational can attract people's attention, so-called fake news appears, which are beneficial to certain groups of people, such as opposition activists, or people who want to draw attention to a particular problem in an incorrect way. These news, capable of “hooking” the average user of the network with the speed of lightning, can spread with great speed, acquiring more and more details along the way. It can be news or a reaction to some news, supported by users of social networks. Such information can be copied for a long time, “reposted” on the network. For example, you can still find news about the conscription of childless women on the net, which first appeared on the website of the St. Petersburg deputy Vitaly Milonov, as well as comments on this news.

Another incorrect way of presenting information that works well to attract the attention of consumers of information is the use of shocking news headlines, and the news itself can be very ordinary. For example, “Natasha Koroleva is dying!” - news about how in some distant village the namesake of a famous singer got into an accident. But a person reacts not to the news itself, but to its headline, posting it on his social network, blog, twitter, etc. If this is a famous person and many people trust his opinion, then the news spreads instantly. Many people remember the scandal that happened not so long ago, when a well-known person spread a record of an ordinary user that the Khimki reservoir was drained, because of which Moscow was flooded, thousands of people died.
A lot of noise was also caused by the news that the popular cartoon "Just you wait!" may be classified as "18+" in accordance with the adopted Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2010 N 436-FZ "On the protection of children from information that is harmful to their health and development." In fact, it turned out that it was about limiting the display of the Swedish erotic cartoon of the same name in 2008 with the category “18+”, but the society was alarmed: the message caused a mixed reaction and went around the network.

Provocative news is spread deliberately, for the purpose of black PR. They, as a rule, are quickly refuted, but still the goal is achieved - there are long discussions in society, everyone's attention is drawn to the person being discussed. A specific example is the news about the dismissal of the head of Russian Railways Yakunin.

A lot of false information appeared in connection with the sensational "Law of Dima Yakovlev". Many facts published online regarding the fate of children adopted by the Americans, or those whom the Americans would like to adopt, have not been confirmed. Nevertheless, this topic was widely discussed in the media, social networks, and on various Internet portals.

False information was also leaked online on the birthday of Prince William and Q. Middleton's child, one of the media reported that the child was stillborn. Naturally, this fact was immediately refuted, but this news stirred up the world community and attention was riveted to the media that reported this news.

In fact, false information is found not only in the infotainment sphere, but also in any other, including educational. A lot of errors are found in various banks of abstracts, which schoolchildren and students love to use so much. Textbooks must be licensed, comply with the Federal State Educational Standard, and be included in the Federal List of Textbooks Recommended and Approved for Use in the Educational Process in Educational Institutions Implementing Educational Programs of General Education and Having State Accreditation. On the other hand, anyone can publish an electronic textbook online, and no one will be immune from receiving false information from it. After all, this textbook is not considered by a special commission and does not receive appropriate permissions, but nevertheless, it is available to anyone.
Trust in the network can be official encyclopedias, dictionaries. But at the same time, the following point should be taken into account. For example, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, has recently become very popular. The information published in it may well turn out to be unreliable, since anyone has access to editing articles - from a researcher to an elementary school student.

So, how can you check the information presented on the Internet?

First of all, you need to figure out what information is considered reliable and what is unreliable and learn to distinguish between them.

Information is information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation.

Information that does not correspond to reality is considered unreliable. It contains information about events and phenomena that did not exist at all or that existed, but information about them does not correspond to reality, is incomplete or distorted.

Reliable information - information that is beyond doubt, genuine, real. Information that corresponds to reality, facts, the existence of which, if necessary, can be confirmed by legally correct procedures using documents, witnesses, expert opinions, etc.

Information published with a mandatory reference to the source is also considered reliable. True, here again the question of the reliability of the source of information arises.
Let's start by defining what a source of information is. The sources of information can be:

● individuals who, by virtue of their position and authority, have information that is of interest to the media
● real environment (natural, urban and material environment in which a person lives)
● virtual information environment
● documents
● printed edition with imprint (book, encyclopedia, textbook, articles in a print magazine, etc.)
● sites on the Internet (Internet media, Internet portal, Internet page, etc.)

As noted above, documents are among the most reliable sources of information, but only if they can be legally verified.

Sources of information can also be reliable and unreliable, competent and incompetent.

The most common sources of information are representatives of official authorities. State institutions are primarily obliged to supply citizens with the most accurate, objective information.

But in the situation with the news about the dismissal of the head of Russian Railways, Yakunin, a message from the government press service was forged. Thus, no one is immune from the fact that false information can leak even into the public sphere.

Therefore, receiving information does not mean completely trusting it.

So, one of the proofs of the reliability of information is the presence of references to sources of information.

Sources of information, authorized in a particular issue, or specializing directly in a particular area, are called competent.

In fact, a link is not always required - there are cases when informational provisions are confirmed in the course of presenting the material. This works if the author of the information is a competent person and is a specialist in the field in which he writes. In this case, in most cases, you can be sure that the information is reliable.

In most cases, unnamed sources make the material less reliable, especially if the article contains negative news that was previously unknown to the reader. First of all, people are concerned about the primary source of the information that has appeared.

The best thing is to have links to authoritative sources of information. These may be statistical data collection agencies, research institutes, other official sources.
Often on the Internet there is a reprint of data from one site to another. The more links to the source material is on the Internet, the higher its authority in the eyes of other resources, this indicates that this source of information is trusted. However, it is also better to check it, sometimes many sites link to the same source of inaccurate information.

The question of the competence of the author of the information is very important. It is worth finding out his status, position, get acquainted with other works, materials, comments, reviews. Perhaps this author maintains his own blog, he has a page on a social network, he has a scientific degree, journalistic experience, etc. Naturally, if many people trust this author, then the degree of truthfulness of the information provided by him increases significantly.

Worse if the information is anonymous. Quite recently, an article was published on one of the popular Internet portals, which talked about the "clogging" of the Russian language, about illiteracy even in the journalistic environment, etc. The article was written in a provocative and accusatory style and caused a huge number of reposts and comments. But the first thing that immediately caught my eye was that it was not signed by anyone! Therefore, did it make sense to argue, agree or disagree with the author, perhaps incompetent in this matter?

You can also find out the rating of the resource on which the information is posted. How popular it is among users, whether it enjoys or does not enjoy authority, what reviews exist about this resource on the network. Well-known information retrieval systems, such as Yandex, can help with this. It will also show the citation index of the resource, and will give out information about it through a search query, as well as provide similar information for various combinations of search queries that will help compare data and evaluate their reliability.

In principle, legally information from the Internet is not considered to be obtained from reliable sources. Only if the resource has a media registration certificate, it bears special responsibility for any published information. Therefore, such sites can be trusted more, due to the fact that they try to avoid unverified data.

You can also trust official news agencies, such as ITAR-TASS, Interfax, RIA Novosti, which have their own servers on the Internet.

There are network agencies that deserve respect. One of the largest - NSN (National news service, or NNS - National news service), has a developed correspondent network of its own, regularly publishes analytical collections of articles written at a high theoretical and journalistic level. Gazeta.ru, an online publication, can be cited as an example of providing quality information.

Validated educational resources can be seen in various official educational resource collections. Here are some examples:
http://window.edu.ru - Single window of access to educational resources. Teaching and methodological materials for general education in all subjects by types of Internet resources, a catalog of resources for vocational education.
http://school-collection.edu.ru - school collection. A catalog of resources for a teacher (methodological materials), a catalog for students (electronic textbooks, tests, etc.) for a secondary school in all disciplines.
http://fcior.edu.ru - Federal Center for Information and Educational Resources. Educational interactive modules in all subjects for secondary and vocational education; methodological materials on vocational education
http://school.edu.ru - Russian educational portal Unified collection of digital educational resources. Methodical and teaching materials for elementary and secondary schools in subjects.
The resources published there, for the most part, have undergone scientific and methodological examination.

Next moment. To which we would like to draw attention - checking and evaluating the facts - an obligatory moment of confirming the reliability of information.

The reliability of the fact is strictly established, it is impossible to invent it. Any factual and statistical data have a source. The link to the source allows the reader to evaluate the facts. Checking the accuracy of the facts and the numbers given will most likely show what data this or that information resource relies on.

As a rule, the information presented on the Internet is characterized by free treatment of facts. Scientific unreliability of the message may be the result of the fact that the author does not include information in the message in full. Two cases can be distinguished here: the author himself does not own all the information - insufficient knowledge about the subject of the message, and the author deliberately hides some of the information from the consumer - the selection of information. Attention may be drawn to any one property of a material object or phenomenon, an unsuccessful attempt to popularize scientific knowledge may be made. Adaptation of the informational message to the thesaurus and age characteristics of the object of information impact can lead to a significant distortion of information, up to scientific errors.

Thus, factual errors may be due to a misunderstanding of the text, with its incorrect reading or interpretation.

Factual errors occur for various reasons. For example, a person is not able to correctly assess the content of the text and single out one of the main problems. A factual error can also appear in the case when a person is not able to detect and correctly formulate the author's position.
The authors of the text can often invent something that is not mentioned in the text; this inappropriate manifestation of fantasy also becomes the cause of factual errors.

Factual errors can also result from inaccurate quoting, semantic and terminological confusion.

Thus, the ability to work with facts is the first step towards the formation of a competent assessment of an information message for its reliability.

To determine the reliability of information, it is very important to assess the targeted orientation of the resource. To whom is the information addressed, what age, social category? The level of education of consumers of information is also important. For example, information that is understandable to students of a technical university and people with higher education will not always be available to schoolchildren, people who have only a secondary education. The fact is that formal education is built on scientific principles, and an educated person always has a certain culture of information perception, critical reflection and work with it.

Another important point is the argumentation of information. If something is substantiated, then it is already true, the law of sufficient reason is fulfilled, the statements are well argued, but the justification can be both correct and incorrect. For example, if the arguing parties are not interested in truth, but in winning the dispute, then the opponents resort to methods prohibited by logic. The most common involuntary ways of defense and refutation are:
● arguments to the individual, to the public;
● arguments to authority;
● reduction to the absurdity of the proposed provision; dual assessment of the same;
● unsubstantiated evaluation of the opponent's claims;
● arguments to pity;
● arguments to force;
● substitution of the question of the truth of the thesis, the question of the harm and danger of it;
● acceptance of a simple sequence of events in time as their causal relationship; hasty generalization;
● argument to vanity, etc. .

Thus, in order to navigate the world of information and be able to separate reliable information from unreliable, it is necessary:

● have the skills to competently search for information, have a clear idea of ​​​​what you need to find on the network, correctly formulate a search query,
● explore sources of information,
● learn to critically select and evaluate information,
● be able to check factual errors,
● study the syntactic plan for the functioning of information, the logic of its construction, structure,
● be able to separate scientific from non-scientific arguments, correct from incorrect,
● compare the meaning contained in the information message with their basic titles on a particular issue, in case of their shortage, refer to additional literature, to other sources of information,
● systematize information, look for hidden meaning.

For us, it is especially important to teach modern teenagers how to work with information, since they, first of all, due to their age, psychological, educational characteristics, are subject to the influence of negative and unreliable information.

The Internet allows teenagers to get the information they want, and not what traditional media, in which they are gradually losing confidence, are being forced on them. The degree of confidence in the information presented on the Web is somewhat higher, since there they can find much more information on the same issue. However, schoolchildren are not well prepared to interact with such a powerful source of influence as the Internet. They often independently interpret the information received depending on their knowledge, age, life experience, cultural environment, mentality, etc. How correctly the students perceive the information they receive will depend on whether they are trained or not trained in analytical work with information, whether they have a critical thinking, whether they will be able to assess the reliability of information, correlate information and existing knowledge, be able to properly organize the information process, evaluate and ensure information security. And schoolchildren are the future adults, the future of our society.

In connection with these trends, it is necessary to teach children to combine networking with other types of cognitive activity. Only in this case the educational potential of the network can be fully used.

As a practical task, teachers can be offered to analyze information messages with students according to the following plan:

● On which site the information is published. What can you say about this site?
● Is the source of the information specified? What can you say about this source?
● Who is the author of the information message? (If there is no specific surname, it can be assumed: journalist, politician, businessman, scientist, teacher, etc.)
● Who is this message for?
● Does the text contain false information, with a negative bias? What specific statements contain this information?
● If there is information in the above phrases, in what form is it expressed: statements, assumptions, questions?
● Is there a sharp, rude, cynical negative assessment of the person in the text?
● What kind of reasoning is used.
● What is the compositional structure of the text, what stylistic devices does the author use and how do they characterize the heroes of the publication?
● Are there factual errors in the text?
● Determine the purpose of this informational message.
● Search online for related posts (similar information on a given topic) using various combinations of keywords. Compare information from various sources, analyze it.
● Conclude whether this information can be trusted? Justify your answer, briefly describe on the basis of what you decided so.

The process of understanding the information received is of great importance for the ability to carry out individual information protection.
The Internet, like any technology, should help a person in overcoming his specific problems and solving specific problems. The attention of students, the degree of their mastery of technology and the level of knowledge gained depends on the ability of the teacher to organize the lesson.
For the proper organization of any type of activity, including the receipt and analysis of information from the Internet, it is required:

● establish what is important and what is secondary, giving preference to the main;
● set specific goals;
● define the ultimate goal and break down the ways to achieve it into stages;
● take into account the following factors: the meaningfulness and content of students' activities;
● activation of mental activity;
● indication of possible errors and execution control.

In order to increase the organization of attention and perception of information when working on the network, it is necessary to use the novelty factor and the possibility of personal interpretation, which will attract the attention of students and create an emotional richness of the lesson corresponding to the topic. Work in the classroom should provide for feedback. Feedback can be provided by teacher control or student self-control. The need for feedback is determined by the degree of difficulty of the student being studied. In order to achieve effective perception, the teacher must use words that correspond to the model of the world that students still have.

The more intellectual skills a person has acquired, the better he is oriented on the Internet. Using the Internet as a tool, students can use it to achieve goals that were not previously set. The role of the teacher in solving the problems that have arisen is reduced to the formation of media education skills, teaching the skills of transferring intellectual knowledge, and methods for optimizing the choice of the most appropriate way to solve the problems of searching, analyzing and presenting information.

If teenagers are prepared enough to understand the information they receive, if they have media education skills, then they can protect themselves from the dark side of the Internet. In this case, due to the free flow of information through the Internet, the responsibility of media educators increases in teaching instrumental and media educational skills that raise a person to a higher level of information and intellectual capabilities.

References:

Gubareva A.V. How to protect your honor, dignity and business reputation in case of dissemination of false information on the Internet? [Electronic resource] // Lawyer's House, 2010. URL.

Any work of human hands can be used for good purposes, or it can be harmful: so you can build Kizhi with an ax, or you can go with it to the old pawnbroker.

The desire to draw attention to oneself at least for a minute pushes fans to write on the fence - and the Internet is a wonderful worldwide fence - to use any unverified information or, with the proper skill, fabricate a "fake" on their own.

How to make sure that you do not read or use inaccurate or false information. Then you can’t explain that you trusted an unreliable source: “having lied once ...”

Of course, the “British scientists” who have become famous on the Russian Internet no longer cause anything but laughter. If you see a link to some studies, they must be followed by a link to the article and the journal, indicating the volume and number of the journal. If the information is obtained from the Internet, the link should not just be to the site, but specifically to the article where the information was taken from.

You can, for example, check the identity of the person who disseminates information. There are several different resources for this, for example, Pipl.com is designed to search for a user's "Internet footprints", helps to identify him and find photos. The program searches all American networks (Facebook, LinkedIn, MySpace) - for this you need to enter the name and surname in Latin. The peculiarity of the service is that the search takes place in the hidden Internet (the deep Web), which is ignored by conventional systems. There is also a WebMii resource - it looks for a link with a person's name, gives a "web visibility" rating, with which you can install fake accounts. You can use the people.yandex.ru service to search the Runet.

Many people know that posting images and videos attracts more readers. However, how to make sure that the photo is real, and not the result of processing in Photoshop.

There are many resources that can help you quickly check images for accuracy:

1. Findexif.com is a free service where you can upload a photo or give a link to it - it will determine the EXIF ​​data (information about when the photo was taken, by what device, image parameters, sometimes you can determine the shooting location).

2. FotoForensics is a site that can do Error Level Analysis (ELA), that is, find fragments that have been “finished” or inserted into a photo when editing. After processing, the program produces a snapshot where the changed areas will stand out from the others. In addition, the program will also provide EXIF ​​data.

3. Google Search by Image, Yandex image search and TinEye - reverse image search, here you can upload a photo to find its original source and see where it has been published.

4. JPEGsnoop - a program for installation on a computer, allows you to view metadata not only for JPEG, but also for AVI, DNG, PDF, THM. It can be used for many purposes, for example, it allows you to see if the image has been edited, to detect errors in a corrupted file.

5. If the metadata of the photo is not available for some reason, you can carefully examine the photo. Usually, a lot of details get into the frame that can help identify the place and time - the country, the weather, sometimes even the season and other subtleties that help determine the authenticity of the photo. You can figure out the location using Google Maps or Panoramio. Geofeedia is a service that processes Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, Instagram and Picasa posts using GPS and then presents them as a collage. The program aggregates the results by the given location.

Fake photos can be found even in the most reputable sources. In 2006, Reuters photographer Adnan Hajj falsified images from Beirut, a city covered in smoke after an Israeli air raid. When the published photo was sold to major publications, professional photographers and bloggers began to notice that the image had been processed in Photoshop. Hajj was found to have borrowed and edited the image from Ben Curtis of the Associated Press. And although the forger was fired, and his pictures were deleted from the agency's bank, it is possible that many of his works or the works of his "colleagues" continue to surf the net.

Material from LoveToKnow

The Internet is one of the popular sources of information. Searching for data on the Web without leaving your home is simple and convenient. No need to spend hours in the library in order to find the information you need. It is enough to correctly formulate the search query and you can count on the exact answer. In connection with the constant development of Internet technologies, a positive attitude towards the Internet is being formed in society. An increasing number of users trust Wikipedia and Youtube. The Internet is a free access zone, therefore, everyone can take part in filling it with materials of any content. Is it possible to blindly trust the information that is published on the Internet? How accurate and reliable is it? How to make sure the information received on the network is correct?

Reliability - fidelity of the information, not causing doubts. Objective information is always reliable, but reliable information can be both objective and subjective. The reasons for unreliability can be: deliberate distortion (disinformation); unintentional distortion of the subjective property; distortion due to interference; information fixing errors.

In the general case, the reliability of information is based on facts, achieved by: indicating the time of the events, information about which is transmitted; comparison of data obtained from various sources; timely disclosure of misinformation; exclusion of distorted information, etc. (Wikibook)

In accordance with the tasks that are solved when using information, there are various approaches to determining the reliability of information. For example, for educational purposes, you can use the recommendations for evaluating the reliability of Internet resources developed by L.A. Serykh, head of the Internet technologies department of the Center for the Development of Education in Samara. You can learn how to put them into practice from the task for high school students, which was proposed during the Internet game "Internet: Accessibility-Reliability-Result".

For more serious tasks, the recommendations of A.A. Shperha by definition reliability of search results. He suggests using five basic principles:

  • confirmation of it from at least two independent sources;
  • checking the disinterest of the source of information in its content;
  • comparison of the information received with the already known on this topic;
  • verification of the reliability of the information received from authoritative experts;
  • requesting additional details from the source of information confirming the truth of the main message.

O.I. Podyapolskaya, head of the information technology department of the State Budgetary Educational Establishment of the State Budgetary Educational Institution "Resource Center", Novokuibyshevsk, in the article "Fake as a Phenomenon of the Modern Media Environment. Tools for Analyzing "Digital" Information" gives an algorithm for searching for high-quality media content and subsequent work with it:

  1. we carry out a primary analysis of information precedents in the information field of interest to us (search for a competent presentation of information in various sources);
  2. we make a "cloud of keywords" and "cloud of images" for subsequent information retrieval;
  3. we choose a search engine taking into account the indicators of the relevance of the results, the completeness of the coverage of network information and the peculiarities of the morphology of the language;
  4. compose an effective information request (specified, using "search operators");
  5. we evaluate the relevance, reliability and significance of the obtained search results:
    • verifiability and actual conformity of information;
    • confirmation or refutation of information from several sources;
    • the ability to establish the original source and its independence;
    • availability of information precedents;
    • possible expert assessment of the content of the information or reference to an authoritative source;
    • situational identification of the connection “high-quality content-fake” (for example, when accessing a profile on a social network, high-quality professional personalized photos already give rise to suspect a fake);
    • the opportunity to contact the author of the media content for clarification.

Be careful when copying materials from the Internet!
Do not use unverified data! Make it a rule: first check, and then - trust!
To determine the reliability of the site, use the recommendations published above!

Keywords

INTERNET SEARCH/SEARCH ON THE INTERNET/ RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION/ ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION / FUZZY CONCLUSION / INTEGRATED RELIABILITY OF THE SITE / INTEGRAL RELIABILITY OF THE WEBSITE

annotation scientific article on computer and information sciences, author of scientific work - Ivanova Svetlana Mikhailovna

The article deals with issues related to checking for reliability of information found as a result of a search query on the Internet. Reliability is defined in terms of completeness, integrity and truth of information. In this case, the main attention is paid to the last factor. To determine the truth, it is proposed to use the apparatus of fuzzy logic. The membership functions of fuzzy sets of conditional reliability and the proximity of the material to the desired one are described. The rules for deriving the determination of the integral reliability of the site page with respect to the required information have been developed. An example is given for calculating reliability of information presented on one of the sites. Reliability was determined for the method of solving a system of linear equations by the Cholesky method in relation to a number of other solution methods, such as the Cramer method. The results of an experimental verification of the method for the information found on several sites are shown.

Related Topics scientific works on computer and information sciences, author of scientific work - Ivanova Svetlana Mikhailovna

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION FOUNDATION ON THE INTERNET S.M. Ivanova

The article discusses the issues associated with verification of the accuracy of the information found in the search results on the Internet. The accuracy is defined from the point of view of completeness, integrity, and truthfulness of information. The last factor is the main focus. To determine its validity, it is proposed to use fuzzy logic. There are membership functions of fuzzy sets for hypothetical accuracy and similarity of the material to the search one. The inference rules for determining the integral of the accuracy of the site page on the search information have been developed. An example to determine the accuracy of the information on one of the sites is presented. Accuracy was determined for the method of solving the system of linear equations by the method of Cholesky in correlation with a number of other methods of solution, such as the Kramer method. The results of experimental verification of the method are shown for the search information on different sites.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Assessing the reliability of information found on the Internet"

UDC 519.253, 378.147.88 LBC 74.4, 32.973.26.-018.2

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION FOUND ON THE INTERNET

CM. Ivanova

Annotation. The article deals with issues related to checking the accuracy of information found as a result of a search query on the Internet. Reliability is defined in terms of completeness, integrity and truth of information. In this case, the main attention is paid to the last factor. To determine the truth, it is proposed to use the apparatus of fuzzy logic. The membership functions of fuzzy sets of conditional reliability and the proximity of the material to the desired one are described. The rules for deriving the determination of the integral reliability of the site page with respect to the required information have been developed. An example is given for calculating the reliability of information presented on one of the sites. Reliability was determined for the method of solving a system of linear equations by the Cholesky method in relation to a number of other solution methods, such as the Cramer method. The results of an experimental verification of the method for the information found on several sites are shown.

Key words: search in the Internet system, reliability of information, fuzzy conclusion, integral reliability of the site.

abstract. The article discusses the issues associated with verification of the accuracy of the information found in the search results on the Internet. The accuracy is defined from the point of view of completeness, integrity, and truthfulness of information. The last factor is the main focus. To determine its validity, it is proposed to use fuzzy logic. There are membership functions of fuzzy sets for hypothetical accuracy and similarity of the material to the search one. The inference rules for determining the integral of the accuracy of the site page on the search information have been developed. An example to determine the accuracy of the information on one of the sites is presented. Accuracy was determined for the method of solving the system of linear equa-

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION FOUNDATION ON THE INTERNET

tions by the method of Cholesky in correlation with a number of other methods of solution, such as the Kramer method. The results of experimental verification of the method are shown for the search information on different sites.

Keywords: search on the Internet, accuracy of the information, fuzzy conclusion, integral reliability of the website.

Every year, the volume of various information presented in the worldwide system of unified computer networks, the Internet, is growing exponentially. The World Wide Web brings together millions of computers, many different networks. Every year the number of users grows by 30-50%. The same data and facts are posted simultaneously on many sites. But at the same time, the likelihood of publishing erroneous information also increases. As a result, the question arises: “How to select the one that is reliable among the flow of information?”

In accordance with the state program of the Russian Federation "Development of Education" for 2013-2020. and the Federal State Educational Standards of the Federal State Educational Standards, at the moment much attention is paid to the organization of independent work of students in the learning process. It is here that the Internet becomes a necessary link in the educational process, it makes it possible to obtain additional knowledge, which is important for the development of self-educational activity. However, based on sociological research, one has to take into account the fact that, statistically, the average user spends no more than 15 minutes on one search query. Therefore, it is very important

but so that students not only know how to organize a search, but also quickly determine whether the information received is reliable.

General principles for the reliability of the information received

The reliability of information is determined by:

completeness,

integrity,

Truth.

Therefore, when training the organization of the search process, attention should be paid to all three components that determine the quality of the data obtained.

Issues of completeness of information can be resolved, including through the competent construction of a search query. The integrity of the information presented on the pages of the site largely depends on the correctness of its storage and the combination of presentation forms with the capabilities of the browser used. The most difficult and important is the ability to determine whether the information received is true. Ultimately, the reliability of the information received will depend on this.

Determining the validity and accuracy of information is quite a challenge for the user. Unfortunately, there are not many Internet sites that deserve

living full confidence. These can formally include only sites created by scientists or official communities where information is monitored and reviewed. There are a number of reserved addresses on the Internet. For example, if the second-level domain name is "gov.ru", then this resource belongs to a government organization. The domain name "ac.ru" refers the resource to various scientific or higher educational associations (research institute or higher school). The name "edu.ru" is a resource of official educational bodies. That is, only on Internet sites belonging to special organizations, the probability of an error is obviously small. If it is not possible to verify the reliability of the information found, based on the address of the Internet site or with the help of specialist advice, then it must be analyzed in some way.

One way is to check with links to the authors of the article. However, it is possible only if the sources of information are indicated on the site and the data sources are available.

The credibility of a complex message is often defined as the arithmetic mean of its parts. It is proposed to use a similar method to check the completeness, integrity and truth of the information presented on the site page. It is assumed that the reliability of information in general on different pages of the same site is approximately the same.

Since the site usually contains several pages, it is not

all information posted on it is new to the user. In this case, it is possible to determine the integral reliability of the site based on the data presented in its various sections. It is assumed that the information contained on other pages can be assessed by the student based on his basic knowledge.

Consider an example related to the search for one of the ways to solve a system of linear algebraic equations (SLAE). Suppose a student needs to learn the Cholesky method. Even in the case when an example of a solution is given on the site, it cannot be unequivocally stated that all the material is reliable. It should be noted that most of the sites related to providing information about the methods of solving SLAE contain, among other things, the two most popular and widespread exact methods: the Gauss method and the Cramer method, which are included in the compulsory educational program. Therefore, the student is invited to pre-evaluate the reliability of the information provided by the two methods known to them, which are similar to the method that they study on their own. Perhaps the site also contains the solution of systems of equations by approximate methods: the iteration method or the Seidel method. Then the material posted on these pages can also be checked for the absence of errors, however, due to the difference in the accuracy of the results obtained, the reliability of the last pages of the site should have less effect on the conclusion about the reliability.

Rice. 1. Characteristic function

conditional proximity of the material presented on the site page

Rice. 2. Characteristic function of the reliability of the material presented on the site page

information about the Cholesky method. Thus, the conclusion about the reliability of the information presented on the page of the site of interest to the student depends on the reliability of the rest of the material and its relative proximity to the new material found on the Internet.

Apparatus for fuzzy inference of site page reliability

To determine the reliability of the information received, it is proposed to use the Mamdani controller of the fuzzy logic apparatus.

Linguistic variables in this case will be:

1. assessment of the conditional proximity of information on each page of the site, the reliability of which can be assessed, to the desired one;

2. assessment of the reliability of the material of paragraph 1.

Empirically, for the conditional proximity of the material by topic, one can define the concepts of “close”, “similar”, “there is a common” and “there is no coincidence”, which give a complete group (Fig. 1).

Similarly, a characteristic function is introduced to determine the reliability of each page of the site, defined by the user (Fig. 2).

Next, you should define the rules of fuzzy inference for determining the integral reliability of the site page with respect to the information you are looking for. For example, if the information on the page is close to the one being studied and is reliable, then it can be assumed that the required information 57 is classified as completely reliable. Completely all the withdrawal rules are presented in Table 1.

Each page of the site should be associated with the corresponding fuzzy set and its defuzzification should be carried out.

Table 1

Rules for the output of the integral reliability of the site page

conditional reliability-^^proximity of pages!"^^ close similar have common no match

unreliable possible doubtful conditional unreliable

something like probable possible doubtful conditional

it is possible to take into account certain probable possible doubtful

certain complete certain probable possible

close similar have common no match

Rice. 3. A certain value of proximity

Determining the reliability of information

Let us consider the application of the proposed fuzzy inference to determine the reliability of the entire site using the example of studying the solution of SLAE by the Cholesky method.

A site was found containing both information about this method and a number of other methods for solving

unreliable

there is something similar

can be taken into account

Rice. 4. A certain value of certainty

niya SLAU. Consider one of the pages showing the solution of systems of linear equations by Cramer's method. Let the value of proximity and reliability of a particular page be empirically determined as follows (vertical dotted line in Figures 3, 4):

Unreliable

Conditional certainty

■ -doubtful

certainty ■-possible

■ -defined

authenticity

authenticity

A \ ^ !\ !\ g. "; P

Unreliable

■ conditional certainty questionable certainty -possible certainty = probable certainty -certain certainty = complete certainty

Rice. 5. Information is close and reliable

Rice. 6. Information is similar and reliable

Unreliable

Conditional

reliability ■ - doubtful reliability ■ - possible

certainty = probable

certainty > "certain certainty = complete certainty

1 ■ ■ * 1 I \

Unreliable

Conditional certainty

■ -doubtful

reliability > -possible

certainty = probable certainty

■ “certain

reliability = full

authenticity

Rice. 7. Information is close and taken into account

Rice. 8. Information is similar and relevant

unreliable

Conditional certainty

■ "doubtful

authenticity

■ -possible

certainty = probable certainty

■ -defined

reliability = full

authenticity

Rice. 9. Fuzzy set of one page and its defuzzification

sets. There are four possible combinations.

If the information on the page is close to the newly studied one with a degree of 0.75 and reliable with a degree of 0.9, then, according to Table 1, the page is completely reliable with a degree of m^n (0.75; 0.9) = 0.75 (Fig. . 5). If the information is similar with a degree of 0.25 and reliable with a degree of 0.9, then it is definitely reliable with a degree m^n(0.25; 0.9)=0.25 (Fig. 6). The fuzzy inference for the two remaining combinations is defined similarly (Fig. 7, 8).

Combining these four results gives a general solution (Fig. 9), the defuzzification of which can be carried out, for example, by determining the center of gravity of a fuzzy set (indicated in the figure by a white dot).

After defuzzification has been carried out for all pages of the site containing known information, the final reliability of the Internet resource in the context of the information under study is proposed to be determined as the mean square of all centers of gravity of the obtained fuzzy sets. This result makes it possible to determine whether information from the studied site should be used for training.

Conclusion

The proposed method for determining the reliability of a site was experimentally tested for the search for information about the solution of SLAE by the Cholesky method described above. The greatest truth was given, as expected, by Internet resources specializing in providing various kinds of educational information (for example, http://www.exponenta.ru). Information sites (pages related to solving systems of equations and working with 59 matrices were considered) had a lower result on the reliability scale.

At the same time, it should be noted that the study of the material on the academic student website of the Higher School of Economics (http://students.uni-vologda.ac.ru) gave a good result, but the information was displayed differently in different Internet browsers. That is, with its truth, determined according to the fuzzy conclusion, the integrity condition was not always met.

Thus, the proposed method for determining the reliability of information gives a good result, provided that the completeness conditions are met

and the integrity of the material presented, which can be implemented with the help of well-built search queries and the possibility of a preliminary superficial analysis. Formalization of these parameters also seems possible, although it requires some skill in searching by keywords and a general assessment.

Note that this process can be simplified by automating the proposed algorithm. This will help students evaluate the information presented on the Internet in terms of its reliability: completeness, integrity and truth.

LIST OF SOURCES AND LITERATURE

1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 792-r dated May 15, 2013 [Electronic resource]. - URL: http://xn--80abucjiibhv9a.xn--p1ai/%D0%B4%D0%BE % D 0 % BA % D 1 % 8 3 % D 0 % BC % D0%B5% D0%BD% D1%82%D1%8B/3409 (date of access: 02/09/2015).

2. Ilyichenkova, Z.V. Certification tests with the function of activity motivation [Text] / Z.V. Ilyichenkova // Actual problems of the humanities and natural sciences. - 2013. - No. 01 (48). January. - S. 283-287.

4. Ivanova, S.M. An innovative approach to signal recovery and filtering in linear dynamic systems [Text] / S.M. Ivanova // Bulletin of MSTU Stan-kin. - 2009. - No. 3. - S. 83-87.

5. Ilyichenkova, Z.V. Axioms are interesting [Text] / Z.V. Ilyichenkova // Science and the world. International scientific journal. - 2014. - No. 10 (14). October. - Volume 2. - S. 60-61.

6. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy control / . - URL: http://www.flll.uni-linz.ac. at/abouts/fuzzy (date of access: 03/05/2015).

7. Introduction to fuzzy logic and fuzzy control systems [Electronic resource]. - URL: http://www.gotai.net/documents/doc-l-fl-001.aspx (date of access: 03/02/2015).

1. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy control, available at: http://www.ffll.um-lmz.ac.at/abouts/fuzzy (accessed: 03/05/2015). (in English)

2. Ilichenkova Z.V., Attestacionnye testy s funk-ciej motivacii dejatenosti, Actual problems of humanitarian and natural sciences, 2013, No. 01 (48) January, pp. 283-287. (in English)

3. Ilyichenkova Z.V., Axiomi - eto interesno? science and world. International scientific journal, 2014, no. 10 (14) October, Vol. 2, pp. 60-61. (in English)

4. Vvedenie v nechetkuju logiku i sistemy nechetkogo upravlenija, available at: http://www.gotai.net/documents/doc-l-fl-001.aspx (accessed: 03/02/2015). (in English)

5. Ivanova S.M., Innovacionnyj podhod k voss-tanovleniju i filtracii signalov v linejnyh din-amicheskih sistemah, Vestnik MSTU STANKIN, 2014, No 3, pp. 83-87. (in English)

6. Rekomendacii po ocenivaniju nadjozhnosti internet-resursov, available at: http://www. pandia.ru/text/78/227/92345.php (accessed: 03/05/2015). (in English)

7. The order of the government of the Russian Federation no. 792-r of 15.05.2013, available at: http://xn--80abucjiibhv9a.xn--p1ai/%D0% B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC %D0%B5%D0 %BD%D1%82%D1%8B/34 09 (accessed: 02/09/2015). (in English)

Ivanova Svetlana Mikhailovna, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Information Systems, Moscow State Technological University "STANKIN"; mathematics teacher, secondary school No. 2107 (1840), Moscow, [email protected]

Ivanova S.M., PhD in Engineering, Associate Professor, Information Systems Department, Moscow state technological University "STANKIN", Mathematics Teacher, Secondary School No. 2107 (1840), Moscow, [email protected]

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