Presentation over local network. Presentation "Computer networks

The evolutionary theory of human development, proposed by the English scientist Charles Darwin, became a real sensation in the scientific world. Until then, the whole world was in full confidence that man is God's creation. The Darwinian theory, unlike other versions of the origin of man, was able to clearly explain how his evolution took place.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

Humanity has long tried to unravel the mystery of its appearance on the planet, but the only answer was found only in religion, according to which man is a manifestation of God’s plan.

This explanation suited people until scientific knowledge began to actively develop and expand. Scientists have struggled for a long time to unravel the origins of man, but only the British naturalist Charles Darwin succeeded.

Rice. 1. Charles Darwin.

His revolutionary theory for those times, according to which man descended from primates, caused real dissonance in society. Not all scientists, not to mention ordinary people, wanted to see monkeys among their ancient ancestors.

However, Darwin's theory presented a lot of significant evidence. Humans had too many connections with the animal world: skeletal structure, nervous system, digestive, circulatory and respiratory organs. Humans had the greatest similarity with primates.

TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this

The most important prerequisite for the “humanization” of primates was the use of natural objects as tools for protection from enemies or hunting wild animals.

Rice. 2. Primitive tools.

Main stages of human evolution

The process of evolutionary development of humanity, from primates to modern humans, took several million years. In total, there are five main stages of human evolution, each of which has its own distinctive characteristics.

All evolutionary processes are based on the most important law of nature - natural selection, thanks to which a species has the opportunity to adapt as best as possible to environmental conditions.

Rice. 3. Primitive society.

Table “Stages of Human Evolution”

What have we learned?

When studying the topic “Table “Stages of Human Evolution”” according to the 11th grade program, we learned which theory indicates the origin of man from primates, and through what stages of evolution man had to go through in order to reach the pinnacle of his development.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

Average rating: 4.3. Total ratings received: 309.

The human line separated from the common trunk with monkeys no earlier than 10 and no later than 6 million years ago. The first representatives of the genus Homo appeared about 2 million years ago, and modern humans no later than 50 thousand years ago. The oldest traces of labor activity date back to 2.5 – 2.8 million years (tools from Ethiopia). Many populations of Homo sapiens did not replace each other sequentially, but lived simultaneously, fighting for existence and destroying the weaker.

In the evolution of man (Homo), three stages are distinguished (in addition, some scientists also distinguish the species Homo habilis - a skilled man) as a separate species:

1. The most ancient people, which include Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus and Heidelberg man (Homo erectus).

2. Ancient people - Neanderthals (the first representatives of the species Homo sapiens).

3. Modern (new) people, including fossil Cro-Magnons and modern people (the species Homo sapiens).

Thus, the next person after Australopithecus in the evolutionary ladder is already the first person, the first representative of the genus Homo. This is a skilled person (Homo habilis). In 1960, the English anthropologist Louis Leakey found the most ancient tools created by human hands in the Oldowai Gorge (Tanzania) next to the remains of Homo habilis. It must be said that even a primitive stone ax looks next to them the same as an electric saw next to a stone axe. These tools are just pebbles split at a certain angle, slightly pointed. (Such rock splits do not occur in nature.) The Oldowan pebble culture, as scientists called it, is about 2.5 million years old.

Man made discoveries and created tools, and these tools changed man himself and had a decisive influence on his evolution. For example, the use of fire made it possible to radically lighten the human skull and reduce its weight. Food cooked over a fire, unlike raw food, did not require such powerful muscles to chew it, and weaker muscles no longer required the parietal crest to attach to the skull. The tribes that made the best tools (like later more developed civilizations) defeated the tribes lagging behind in their development and drove them into barren areas. The production of more advanced tools complicated internal relationships in the tribe and required greater development and brain volume.

Pebble tools of a skilled person were gradually replaced by hand axes (stones chipped on both sides), and then by scrapers and points.

Another branch of the evolution of the Homo genus, which, according to biologists, is higher than Homo habilis, is Homo erectus. The most ancient people lived 2 million - 500 thousand years ago. This species includes Pithecanthropus (in Latin - ape-man), Sinanthropus (Chinese man - his remains were found in China) and some other subspecies.

Pithecanthropus is an ape-man. The remains were discovered first on the island. Java in 1891 by E. Dubois, and then in a number of other places. Pithecanthropus walked on two legs, and their brain volume increased. A low forehead, powerful brow ridges, a half-bent body with abundant hair - all this pointed to their recent (monkey) past.

Sinanthropus, whose remains were found in 1927 - 1937. in a cave near Beijing, in many ways similar to Pithecanthropus, this is a geographical variant of Homo erectus.

They are often called ape people. The straightened man no longer ran in panic from the fire, like all the other animals, but started it himself (however, there is an assumption that a skilled man had already maintained a fire in smoldering stumps and termite mounds); not only split, but also hewed stones, and used processed antelope skulls as utensils. The clothes of a skilled man, apparently, were the skins of killed animals. His right hand was more developed than his left. He probably spoke primitive articulate speech. Perhaps, from a distance, he could be mistaken for a modern man.

The main factor in the evolution of ancient people was natural selection.

Ancient people characterize the next stage of anthropogenesis, when social factors begin to play a role in evolution: labor activity in the groups in which they lived, the joint struggle for life and the development of intelligence. These include Neanderthals, whose remains were discovered in Europe, Asia, and Africa. They got their name from the place of the first discovery in the valley of the river. Neander (Germany). Neanderthals lived in the Ice Age 200 - 35 thousand years ago in caves, where they constantly maintained a fire and dressed in skins. Neanderthal tools were much more advanced and had some specialization: knives, scrapers, percussion tools. The shape of the jaw indicated articulate speech. Neanderthals lived in groups of 50–100 people. Men hunted collectively, women and children collected edible roots and fruits, and old people made tools. The last Neanderthals lived among the first modern humans, and were then finally supplanted by them. Some scientists consider Neanderthals to be a dead-end branch of hominid evolution that did not participate in the formation of modern humans.

Modern people. The emergence of people of the modern physical type occurred relatively recently, about 50 thousand years ago. Their remains have been found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. In the Cro-Magnon Grotto (France), several fossil skeletons of modern people were discovered, who were called Cro-Magnons. They possessed the entire complex of physical features that characterize modern man: articulate speech, as indicated by a developed chin protuberance; the construction of dwellings, the first rudiments of art (cave paintings), clothing, jewelry, perfect bone and stone tools, the first domesticated animals - everything indicates that this is a real person, completely separated from his animal-like ancestors. Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons and modern people form one species - Homo sapiens - Homo sapiens; this species was formed no later than 100 - 40 thousand years ago.

In the evolution of Cro-Magnons, social factors were of great importance; the role of education and the transfer of experience increased immeasurably.

Today, most scientists adhere to the theory of the African origin of man and believe that the future winner in the evolutionary race arose in Southeast Africa about 200 thousand years ago and settled from there throughout the planet.

Since man came out of Africa, it would seem to go without saying that our distant African ancestors were similar to the modern inhabitants of this continent. However, some researchers believe that the first people who appeared in Africa were closer to the Mongoloids.

The Mongoloid race has a number of archaic features, in particular in the structure of teeth, which are characteristic of Neanderthals and Homo erectus (Homo erectus). Populations of the Mongoloid type are highly adaptable to various living conditions, from the Arctic tundra to equatorial rain forests, while in children of the Negroid race in high latitudes, with a lack of vitamin D, bone diseases and rickets quickly develop, i.e. they are specialized to conditions of high insolation. If the first people were like modern Africans, it is doubtful that they would have been able to successfully migrate around the globe. However, this view is disputed by most anthropologists.

The concept of African ancestry is contrasted with the concept of multiregional ancestry, which suggests that our ancestral species, Homo erectus, evolved into Homo sapiens independently at different points around the globe.

Homo erectus appeared in Africa about 1.8 million years ago. He made the stone tools found by paleontologists and possibly more advanced bamboo tools. However, after millions of years there are no traces of bamboo. Over the course of several hundred thousand years, Homo erectus spread first across the Middle East, then into Europe and to the Pacific Ocean. The formation of Homo sapiens on the basis of Pithecanthropus led to the coexistence of later forms of Neanderthals and emerging small groups of modern humans for several thousand years. The process of replacing an old species with a new one was quite lengthy and, therefore, complex.

Human evolution. In 2 books. Book 1. Monkeys, bones and genes.

Extremely interesting, informative, written in excellent language, understandable to any literate person. Plus the author's humor, without any simplification or flattening. Popular, in the best sense of the word, presentation, without sacrificing content!

Alexander Markov's book is a very fascinating story about the origins and structure of man, based on the latest research in anthropology, genetics and evolutionary psychology. The two-volume book “Human Evolution” answers many questions that have long interested Homo sapiens. What does it mean to be human? When and why did we become human? In what ways are we superior to our neighbors on the planet, and in what ways are we inferior to them? And how can we better use our main difference and advantage - a huge, complex brain? One way is to read this book thoughtfully.

Alexander Markov - Doctor of Biological Sciences, leading researcher at the Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His book on the evolution of living beings, The Birth of Complexity (2010), became an event in popular science literature and received wide recognition from readers.

Human evolution. In 2 books. Book 2. Monkeys, neurons and the soul.

An absolutely amazing book. Even more interesting than the first part. The author managed to simply and with humor tell about everything that has been achieved by science in areas of biology that are very far from the average person and even in completely new disciplines, such as, for example, evolutionary religious studies.

A great book that reads like a detective story.

Evolution. Triumph of an idea. Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea

The evolution of life over four billion years is a magnificent tale full of conspiracy, intrigue, surprise and death. Matt Ridley, author of Genome.

Amazing book. This is not only about Darwin himself and his theory, but, even more importantly, about the development of Darwinism. About how modern science represents evolution today. What Darwin was wrong and what he was definitely right. A lot becomes clear. We recommend. A big plus of the book is good paper and easy to read font.

One of the best modern scientific journalists, with his characteristic thoroughness, clarity and constant humor, provides a complete overview of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in the light of today's ideas and scientific discoveries.

This book provides an understanding not only of the basic principles of Charles Darwin's theory, but also talks about the latest research into the processes of evolution. Shows how modern science expands and deepens the theoretical heritage of the great scientist. The book simply and majestically reveals to us the entire history of evolution, a process that still, like several billion years ago, moves the entire world around us.

A book for everyone who seeks to find answers to eternal questions: Why do disputes about the origin of life and man on Earth continue to this day? What was behind the ideas of a great man who was painfully paving the way for new knowledge in a conservative society? How do evolutionary biologists put forward and test their hypotheses, and why can they categorically not agree with the arguments of creationists? In search of an answer to these questions, the reader makes many amazing discoveries about the life of animals, birds and insects, forcing one to think about human morals and ethics, about the place and purpose of man in the Universe.

Historical stages of human development (Table). Primitive people table

Historical stages of human development (Table)

The reference table contains the main stages of human development from primitive society to modern history, indicating the chronological framework, the duration of each stage and a brief description. This material will be useful for schoolchildren and students when doing homework, exams and the Unified State Exam.

infotables.ru

Spur History Ancient human ancestors (table)

works.tarefer.ru

Chronological table of the Primitive era and the Ancient World | Story. Abstract, report, message, summary, lecture, cheat sheet, notes, GDZ, test

worldofschool.ru

Historical stages of human development

Currently, the historical path traversed by humanity is divided into the following segments: the primitive era, the history of the Ancient World, the Middle Ages, the New, and the Contemporary. It is worth noting that today among scientists who study the stages of human development, there is no consensus on periodization. Therefore, there are several special periodizations that partially reflect the nature of the disciplines, and the general one, i.e. historical.

Of the special periodizations, the most important for science is the archaeological one, which is based on differences in tools.

The stages of human development in the primitive era are determined over more than 1.5 million years. The basis for its study was the remains of ancient tools, rock paintings and burials that were discovered during archaeological excavations. Anthropology is a science that deals with the restoration of the appearance of primitive man. During this time period, the emergence of man occurs, and it ends with the emergence of statehood.

During this period, the following stages of human development are distinguished: anthropogenesis (evolution, which ended about 40 thousand years ago and led to the emergence of the species Homo sapiens) and sociogenesis (the formation of social forms of life).

The history of the Ancient World begins its countdown during the emergence of the first states. The periods of human development expressed in this era are the most mysterious. Ancient civilizations left monuments and architectural ensembles, examples of monumental art and painting that have survived to this day. This era dates back to the IV-III millennium BC. At this time, there was a split in society into the governed and the rulers, into the have-nots and the haves, and slavery appeared. The slave system reached its apogee during the period of antiquity, when the rise of the civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome took place.

Russian and Western science attribute the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, which occurred at the end of the fifth century, to the beginning of the Middle Ages. At the same time, in the encyclopedia “History of Humanity”, published by UNESCO, the beginning of this stage is considered the moment of the emergence of Islam, which appeared already in the seventh century.

The stages of human development in the Middle Ages are divided into three time periods: early (5th century - mid 11th century), high (mid 11th century - late 14th century), later (14th-16th centuries).
In some sources, the civilizations of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages are not differentiated within the theoretical framework of “stages of growth” and are considered as a traditional society based on a natural/semi-natural economy.

During the modern period, the formation of industrial and capitalist civilization took place. The stages of human development at this stage are divided into several segments.

First. It originates when revolutions take place in the world aimed at overthrowing the class system. The first of them occurred in England in 1640 - 1660.

The second period came after the French Revolution (1789-1794). At this time, there was a rapid growth of colonial empires and a division of labor at the international level.

The third period begins at the end of the 19th century and is characterized by the rapid development of industrial civilization, which occurs due to the development of new territories.

Recent history and its periodization are currently controversial. However, within its framework the following stages of human development are distinguished. A table available in school textbooks shows that this era consists of two main periods. The first began at the end of the 19th century and affects the entire first half of the 20th century - early modern times.

The Great Crisis, power rivalry, the destruction of the colonial systems of European states, the conditions of the Cold War. Qualitative changes occurred only in the second half of the 20th century, when with the development of industrial robots and the spread of computers, the nature of work changed. Changes also affected the international sphere, with cooperation replacing rivalry.

fb.ru

3.3. Periodization of primitiveness - Textb.net

History of Russia. 10th grade.

Lesson topic. THE APPEARANCE OF HUMAN IN THE TERRITORY OF EASTERN EUROPE

Human development in the primitive era

Main features of primitiveness:

1.primitive tools,

2. human dependence on nature,

3. collective work,

4.joint farming,

5. public form of ownership,

6.relatively equal distribution of the products of labor among community members, 7.absence of the state.

The periodization of human history at the stage of the primitive communal system is quite complex. Several options are known. The archaeological diagram is most often used. In accordance with it, the history of mankind is divided into three large stages depending on the material from which tools were made:

1. Stone Age: 3 million years ago - end of the 3rd millennium BC.

2. Bronze Age: end of the 3rd millennium - 1st millennium BC.

3. Iron Age: 1st millennium BC

The last two stages are associated with the emergence of the first state formations. The era of the primitive economy chronologically coincides mainly with the Stone Age, in which three periods are distinguished.

1. Paleolithic (ancient Stone Age): 3 million - 12 thousand years BC.

2. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age): 12 thousand years BC-8 thousand years BC.

3. Neolithic (New Stone Age): 8 thousand years BC-3 thousand years BC. Filling out the table.

Comparative characteristics of matriarchy and patriarchy

Draw students' attention to discussions about identifying such a form of social relations as matriarchy.

5. Neolithic revolution.

Prerequisites for the Neolithic Revolution:

1.climate change at the end of the Ice Age;

2. improving the technique of making tools;

3.cultivation of wild plants and domestication of animals.