Electronic circuit technologies. Changeable chips: programmable layers

Re-reading today's issue, I caught myself thinking that there is no positive in it - a lot is said about the bad: about the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications and the current minister, about stupidity in government decisions, as well as projects that reflected Samsung's ambitions. In a word, nothing that would make us happy. But perhaps the autumn spleen is the reason for this, I don’t know. I’ll try to find cheerful topics next time, but for now let’s talk about sad things, especially since the decisions that officials make cost us very specific money. Our money, which we pay to the treasury.

Technology for technology's sake, or how manufacturers are deceiving themselves

Large companies have moments in which they begin to produce something that has practically no applicability in real life, devoid of any meaning or commercial calculation. But press releases, an abundance of advertising and attention to such products make us doubt the initial conclusion - does the company really know something that we don’t see? As a rule, only successful companies suffer from releasing useless products based on the latest technological advances. They have huge research laboratories, and they are testing the latest technologies that have the potential to revolutionize the market. And here the usual game of reports, achievements and the like comes into force - it is important not only to create the technology, but also to show it. And what could be better than a commercial product for the market? So strange devices appear that cause bewilderment.

Without going too far, I want to discuss the direction in which Samsung has gone, since record profits and market position give this manufacturer the opportunity to express itself at any cost. It sometimes looks funny, but as a result, products appear on the market that, in a different balance of power, would never have made it out of the walls of research laboratories. I'll start with the loud announcement of Samsung Round.

From the photographs it is clear that the Round has a curved screen; this is its main difference from Galaxy Note 3, of which this model is a copy (version on Snapdragon 800). The screen has typical characteristics - 5.7 inches, SuperAMOLED HD with FullHD resolution. I was amazed that after the announcement they began to discuss the fact that such a phone is convenient to carry in a pocket, it supposedly follows the circumference of the body - you already guessed which pockets we are talking about. The story about lines that follow the human body and are natural was launched in Sony Ericsson, when they began to produce devices with a curve, later Nexus from Samsung appeared, in which the case also had a slight bend.

Samsung tried for a long time to come up with at least something that could explain the presence of a curved screen, and this is what they came up with: this function is called Roll Effect.

Not much for an innovative phone, and it's hard for me to imagine many people wanting to buy a phone with a curved screen. Moreover, the logic of the development of the electronics market was such that for a long time the creation of flat screens was impossible, they always had a curvature - remember televisions and how the first devices with flat screens marched through the market, even before the advent of LCD panels. Samsung doesn’t remember or don’t want to remember any of this, since they were solving a completely ordinary and technological problem. One could laugh at this product and say that they released nonsense that no one needed (which is not far from the truth compared to the Note 3), but the problem is much broader and looks more interesting. The technology used in the display for the Round may find application in new generations of products, and these most likely will not be phones at all. But it is not possible to draw a conclusion about this from this announcement - it looks comical and deservedly becomes the butt of jokes.

Samsung's research lab created a screen on a plastic substrate, while many modern screens work on glass. The use of a plastic substrate makes it possible to create displays that are resistant to external influences; for example, in theory, you can hit them with a hammer and nothing will happen to them. I am sure that the appearance of such screens will put an end to protective coatings, such as Corning Gorilla Glass, as they will suddenly become weak link and will break - the resistance of “plastic” screens to scratches, shocks, and falls will increase many times over. It is possible that someone's understanding of this even started a rumor that a version of the Note 3 Active with an IP68 protection level and this kind of screen will appear on the market. So far, nothing is known about such a device, and this should be interpreted as a rumor, and nothing more.

The use of plastic also allows the screen to bend, which is what we see with the Round. For Samsung it was cheap way demonstrate the functionality of the technology, its commercial applicability and the possibility of large-scale production. But it’s a completely different matter that the product itself turned out to be not even niche, but absolutely not needed by anyone. It has no scripts to use - none. This is just a demonstration of the capabilities of technology.

But are they needed? curved screens in our lives? The clear answer is yes, since many objects around us are not flat, and fitting a display into them today is not such an easy task. A flat surface is required, meaning the screen can only occupy part of the area. The best example is a fortune telling ball, in which the screen is usually placed at the top; with new displays, almost the entire surface of the ball can be made into one large screen.

I have a Netatmo weather station cylinder on my desk, which can also accommodate a large semicircular screen. In a word, you can come up with many real scenarios where such displays will be needed.

But from the Round announcement this is completely unclear; moreover, it is not very clear who this $1,000 product is for. Let me remind you that it is already sold in Samsung’s native market, South Korea. It is unlikely that it will be released in other countries, and if it does appear, it will not make much noise.

Let's look at another story where a product is released for political reasons rather than to demonstrate technology. For Samsung, such a product can safely be considered the Gear, a watch that is a companion to the Note 3 and costs 15,000 rubles. Their sale began in Russia the other day.

At exhibitions, watch-phone, watch-headset with touch screen have been traveling for more than five years, Samsung likes to show prototypes of devices to partners and see their reaction. All this happens behind closed doors, and almost nothing that is shown turns into commercial products. This is a demonstration of the technologies of the future, they should impress visitors, and nothing more. Many different watches have been shown over the years, but Samsung has never tried to bring them to market, since the first experiments in the mid-2000s showed that people did not need such products. Apple's activity in this area, however, spurred Samsung to create its own version of the watch, and this was done in record time. short terms– 3-4 months. In fact, one of the last prototypes was taken and sculpted into a commercial product. It turned out quite strange and incomprehensible from a PR point of view, now Samsung can safely say that they were the first, but from the point of view ordinary consumers All this causes outright bewilderment.

Using the watch, I collected very different reviews from my friends and acquaintances, but one conversation stuck in my memory, I will try to convey it as accurately as possible. Here's what it looked like:

Oh, it's a Samsung smartwatch, let's connect it to my iPhone and see what it can do!
- They don't work with iPhone, sorry.
- Well, okay, I have a Note 2, let's pair it with it.
- They don't work with this phone yet, only with Note 3.
- ??? It seems to me that this is not very big market, if they only work with one phone. Does Samsung really think this is right? Successful companies usually try to make money, but this is a strange story.

The main problem of the Samsung Gear is not at all in the technical implementation or not only in it, the problem lies in what this watch was created for. There was no attempt to make them comfortable, no research into how people would use them. They tried to make them first, and this task was solved brilliantly. But in solving this problem, it was impossible to make the watch also comfortable - you cannot quickly and efficiently create a product in a category where you do not know how to do it. This is unlikely.

IN detailed review I'll tell you about my complaints about the watch, but in short, I don't like it at all. This is a raw product, with many visible and hidden problems(localization is partially done, the controls are confusing and complex, there are phone freezes!). But from the point of view of the idea, I hate watches that write to you that their charge has run out and you need to recharge them. The watch can withstand the stated 25 hours of operation, but very often you forget to charge it in the evening, which results in a discharged device in the morning.

Another funny thing about the watch: in Samsung stores you can spin it, but it is shown with a charger - apparently so that it does not run out of charge. It looks like this.

People discussed with me that the watch turned out to be huge and ugly. That is, ordinary buyers believed that the watch looked exactly like this! It's funny how just the wrong display can affect how a product is perceived.

Perhaps the main idea that I wanted to touch on in describing technology for the sake of technology is that the motivation of the manufacturer is always very important - why he created the product, who he was thinking about or what. It is ideas that rule the world, and even with the best components, you can create something indigestible from them, just as without the best components, you can create something stunning. All the power lies in ideas and their implementation.

Extracurricular reading:

• Galaxy NX - a mirrorless camera on Android - an example of another product for the sake of technology

Quiet revolution from T-Mobile - unlimited roaming in one hundred countries

In Russia, for several years now the Ministry of Communications has been fighting for the abolition intranet roaming, when a person, leaving his city, suddenly begins to pay several times more on the network of his own operator. This is not observed almost anywhere in the world, and there are no real prerequisites for the existence of this phenomenon in Russia, with the exception of the Ministry of Communications itself, which in the past created the conditions for this phenomenon and cannot now cancel them. The struggle of the Ministry of Communications resembles shooting at one’s own feet, when the result is not important, but only political slogans are important. For some reason, our officials often take as the best foreign practices something that is not at all what they actually are best example. Due to the lack of outlook or erudition, they spend our money without counting it and throw it away. To the best of my modest ability, I will tell you about the experience of T-Mobile in the USA, which can definitely be considered successful and interesting for consumers, but in Russia the implementation of something like this is seen as a utopia - our officials will not be able to create an environment for such innovations.

T-Mobile launched 4G LTE coverage for users in the United States and at the same time announced that it was offering unlimited data roaming in one hundred countries around the world (including Russia), with no additional payment required, everything is included in the price of your tariff plan. The second point is that the cost of voice calls in these countries will not exceed 20 cents per minute, this is the maximum price. For $10 per month, the operator also offers unlimited SMS. All this fun starts working on October 31st and only in the USA.

But this is what data plans look like in T-Mobile; for a Russian consumer, spoiled by cheap mobile Internet, they will seem extortionate.

But considering that for $70 a month (before taxes) you can get unlimited internet in one hundred countries around the world, this becomes a very interesting proposal. Of course, we need to see in practice how it will work in roaming unlimited option, but what is stated can modestly be called a revolution. That's exactly it and no other way. I am incredibly sorry that this revolution is not being carried out by Russian operators. It’s even sadder that we don’t expect anything like this for many reasons. The regulator is perhaps the main of these reasons. This will be discussed in the next part of “Spillikins”.

4G to every village in Russia – Ministry of Communications and another political project

With the arrival of Nikolai Nikiforov as Minister of Communications, great hopes were pinned - he was young, he had a completed projects. It was believed that with him the industry would be able to develop faster and better. Unfortunately, all these hopes remained hopes, since at present the Ministry of Communications is one of the most reactionary and politically biased. Just look at the concept of industry development for 2014-2020, which provides, so far only on paper, for the classification of most IT projects as strategic. This will mean that Western companies will not be able to directly participate in such projects and they will have to find Russian partners. De facto, this is the creation of corruption schemes in which Russian companies become simply intermediaries, receiving their percentage for introducing a foreign partner - but nothing else changes. In Russian modern history similar stories are not uncommon, and such “schemes” have been tested in different areas. The result is always the same, the final price of the product increases by an order of magnitude, but its quality or characteristics do not change in any way. The Deputy Minister of Communications, Mark Shmulevich, is apparently responsible for this project. I don’t know him personally, but in response to a question asked on his personal Twitter, I received a call from the Ministry’s PR specialist asking what I wanted to know. Surprisingly, I asked everything I wanted to know on Twitter. I am touched by an official who reads his own Twitter and spends public money so “effectively”, not knowing how to take a minute to respond and creating a whole story around it. This is an excellent reflection of how the Ministry operates and the “effective team” that got there today.

Unfortunately, watching the Ministry’s projects in the public space on a weekly basis, I do not find an answer to one question - why are we presented with crazy projects on which we waste time, but most importantly, our money. In the absence of personal responsibility for spent budgets, officials feel great and produce projects one better than the other. My sincere indignation was caused by another innovation of the Ministry, which proposed to oblige operators to install fourth-generation networks in populated areas with a population of 500 or more.

This initiative was opposed at a meeting of the State Frequency Commission (SCRF) not only by the operators who needed to implement it, but also by the Ministry of Defense, Roskomnadzor, FAS, and the Ministry of Economy. The reason is quite simple - the proposal of the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications has exclusively political overtones and is designed to create populism in the eyes of the population, for whose rights the Ministry is supposedly fighting. Let's try to figure out why this, if implemented, will bring an increase in communication prices to the population and will not solve the main problem.

IN at the moment licenses for LTE imply that operators must cover settlements of 10,000 or more people in three years; later the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications wanted to tighten the requirements. De facto, this happens retroactively, when operators began building networks.

The good goal is to provide all residents of the country with the latest generations mobile communications cannot but command respect. And therefore, we should probably praise the Ministry for trying to force “rich” operators to perform social function. But in this matter, everything is not so simple, but rather complicated, and this can be shown by the statistics on the use of existing 3G networks, which are deployed in many small towns and cities.

If you don’t take the northern territories, where the connection with outside world carried out via satellite, then we have optical fiber to most regions, which, in theory, can provide good and fast connection. In practice, optical fiber does not go to every settlement, and the development of terrestrial networks always occurs gradually - from cities with the largest population to smaller ones and then to villages. It is impossible to immediately install backbone networks everywhere; this is not necessary. The demand for Internet access services in small towns is much less than in large cities.

Cellular operators were the first to come en masse to all populated areas, and they were the ones who solved the issue of the last mile - another thing is that the connection speed is not everywhere and not always good, but in the absence of alternatives, this suits consumers. We must remember that people will always and everywhere complain about the quality of mobile communications and connection speed - nothing changes in this world. Such complaints do not at all describe the real state of affairs.

The experience of deploying 3G networks shows that in small settlements the load on the cellular network for data transmission rarely reaches 25 percent; as a rule, this is ten percent of the capacity at peak load. That is, the available network capacity is significantly greater than the communication needs of the local population. And this is a question of the price of the service, which many consumers see as high.

Look at the typical MegaFon tariff for the regions; for 25 GB of traffic you pay 250 rubles. Is it a lot or a little? For large cities it looks inexpensive - a cup of coffee. For small towns this is very expensive. And it is not the operators’ problem that residents of such villages and hamlets do not have money to pay for communication services. This is rather a state problem.

All statistics on the use of mobile Internet in small towns indicate that there is no load on cellular networks. The number of service users is small, a few percent of all residents, which clearly indicates a barrier in the form of the cost of the service. How the advent of 3G, 4G, 5G or something similar can solve the issue of lack of money among the population remains a mystery to me. If they don't consume mobile internet today, then the emergence of a new, more fast technology data transmission will not force them to do this tomorrow. To understand this simple truth, you don’t need to be a government official, you just need to think a little and look at the statistics on network usage.

The political subtext of this story is clear - Minister Nikiforov wants to report on his care for all residents of the country. At any cost. He somewhat forgot that he, as an official responsible for communications, should know and remember about the modernization of networks by cellular operators. I am not ashamed to remind you that all operators are planning a gradual update and modernization of 3G stations to 4G. It will just happen not so quickly, perhaps not in three years. But 4G will eventually appear almost everywhere. If you force operators to do this now, then the cost of equipment that will be idle will be redistributed to the price of services, which will increase for all subscribers without exception, regardless of where they live. The existing scheme is the opposite - rich cities and regions subsidize the construction of networks in small settlements. This is how this business operates and does so in defiance of the Ministry and attempts to manage the industry, which lead to counter-productive results.

Surprisingly, the main obstacle to the development of new technologies in Russia today is the reactionary Ministry of Communications, for which the main tasks are political projects, and not real development industry. As a cherry on the cake, I suggest reading an interview with the wife of our Minister of Communications, in which the value is not the main text, but the comments under it, many of which are very difficult to disagree with.

I am sure that utopia in the form of 4G in every locality it won't work. But this stupidity is already widely discussed, many people have wasted time that could have been spent on real projects. And it's sad.

P.S. Have a good week, and I want to wish you to be able to create new qualities in familiar things and phenomena, to be useful to others and not to be like our officials (not all, but many) who do not know how to work and do not even want to start.

Related links

Eldar Murtazin ()

Electronics - in the narrow sense - is the science of the interaction of electrons with an electromagnetic field. IN in a general sense is the science of creating electronic devices based on this knowledge, mainly for receiving, transmitting, processing and storing information. Electronics have made it possible to read these lines and write them, because essentially everything in this world can be reduced to information, and therefore embodied in electronic devices. The more subtle a person’s understanding of the subtle world of electrons, the more grandiose devices he creates based on this knowledge. Technologies are becoming smaller, working longer, and capable of more. This is a natural process associated with the well-known Moore's law and carried out thanks to silicon. Someday an alternative to electronics will be found (for example, spintronics), but for now this is all we have.

Since the discovery of graphene (a material with a two-dimensional structure based on carbon) in 2004, scientists have speculated about the existence of other materials with similar properties. Theorists predicted that boron could form a two-dimensional material similar to graphene. But this was experimentally confirmed only three years ago. Then scientists synthesized borophene for the first time. And now a group of experts has developed a new technology that may well give impetus to the development of a new type of electronics.

IF YOU LEAVE YOUR HOME, YOU OFTEN ASK THE QUESTION:
“Did I turn off the iron, curling iron, stove?”
“Did I turn off the TV and lights?”
IF YOU NEED TO KNOW:
- presence of excessive consumption of resources;
- fact of theft of electricity;
- monitoring the quality of electricity (voltage and current), whether there were voltage surges or sags, etc.

THIS COUNTER IS CREATED JUST FOR YOU!!

What do you get with a smart meter?
. Online monitoring and smart notifications.
. Saving without effort. Analyze your consumption and switch to the optimal electricity payment tariff.
. Control over a remote object. Be aware of what is happening at your dacha, cottage or rental apartment.
. Full automation accounting process.
. Possibility of automatically sending readings to energy sales.
. The accuracy of measurements of network parameters complies with the requirements of GOST 30804.4.30-2013
. Installation is completely similar to installing a conventional meter.
. There is no need to install additional equipment.

In June 2017, Electric introduces new series sockets and switches series Blanca and this socket is part of this series. A few words about this series to finish this topic for those interested.

Company opens the next chapter in the history of electrical engineering: transformers and major equipment are being tested in China for the world's first 1,100 kilovolt (kV) project. The company has set a new innovation record by successfully testing the low-voltage and high-voltage units of the world's most powerful ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transformer. The +/- 1,100 kV (1.1 million volt) UHVDC transformer, designed and manufactured in close cooperation with the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), has successfully passed a series of type tests, paving the way for the implementation of ultra-high-voltage DC power lines. Changji-Guguang voltage, which will transmit electricity from the Xinjiang region in the northwest to Anhui province in eastern China. Changji-Guguang, the world's first ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission line of +/- 1,100 kV, will set a new world record for voltage, capacity and distance.

We invite you to take part in our regular open webinars!
The next series of webinars will be devoted to the topic “Modular equipment”.
With the help of webinars on modular equipment, you will get acquainted with devices that protect electrical networks and consumers from overload and short circuit currents, electric shock and surge voltages in the network, and allow remote control electrical networks and loads. From webinars on this product group you will learn about the operating principles, range and application of IEK® modular equipment.

D-Life- a line of switches for controlling household lighting.

The device allows you to connect when Bluetooth assistance and set up work through the Wiser Room application, available in the AppStore and Google Play.

The switches are characterized by quality and are combined with a premium series in design. Allows control via a mobile application. Connecting via Bluetooth allows you to set a timer, turn the lighting device on or off, and reduce its intensity.

Digital industrial voltammeter VAR-M01 Designed for technological control of voltage and current values ​​in alternating current electrical circuits, both in industrial zones and in housing and communal services, the household sector, and other national economic facilities. Can be used as part of automated monitoring and control systems technological processes as a main or additional indicator on mobile and stationary objects. It is a means of control. Not subject to periodic verification.

Digital voltmeters VR-M01 and VR-M02 are designed to monitor the voltage level in AC electrical circuits, both in industrial areas and in housing and communal services, the domestic sector, and other national economic facilities. Can be used as part of automated monitoring and control systems for technological processes as a main or additional indicator on mobile and stationary objects.

Engineers from Kyoto University have developed and assembled the first device that can store and store electromagnetic radiation while maintaining its phase properties. A description of the “trap” is posted as a preprint in the archives of Cornell University, and a brief structure of it is described by the Technology Review blog.

American physicists created new look carbon nanotubes suitable for use as a material for weaving ultra-strong and electrically conductive “threads”, and published instructions for their creation in the journal Science.

“We have finally managed to create a nanotube fiber with properties that no other material has. It is similar to ordinary black cotton thread, but combines the properties of metal wires and strong carbon tubes,” said the leader of the physics team, Matteo Pasquali ( Matteo Pasquali) from Rice University in Houston (USA).

Acti9 is the 5th generation of modular systems from Electric. The previous, 4th generation was the Multi9 series, which became the world's most famous product in its class. Multi9 appeared many years ago with the release of the C32 series (then C45). The long-term popularity of this range is even evidenced by the fact that most Chinese-made devices on the Russian market are copies of the C32 and C45 devices (3rd generation of modular systems from Electric).

The new generation Compact NSX circuit breakers, made in a molded case, in a molded case, are used for currents from 100 to 630 A at facilities of absolutely any scale and purpose - from office buildings to the largest enterprises. Compact NSX circuit breakers from Electric are used to protect distribution networks, long cables, electric motors and generators.

The flow of current in conductors is always associated with energy losses, i.e. with the transition of energy from electrical form to thermal form. This transition is irreversible; the reverse transition is associated only with the performance of work, as thermodynamics says. There is, however, the possibility of converting thermal energy into electrical energy using the so-called. thermoelectric effect, when two contacts of two conductors are used, one is heated and the other is cooled.

In 1996, engineer Roy Kuennen was struggling with a solution to a problem: how to make a household water filter manufactured by Amway Corp. didn't it break? The filter killed bacteria using an ultraviolet lamp, but to do this it had to be immersed in water. The wires that supplied the lamp with electricity were rusting. Then engineer Kuennen had a crazy idea: remove the wires and power the lamp remotely - using a magnetic coil.

While Kuennen was struggling with the water filter, the wireless revolution was already in full swing - having begun in the 90s, it gave us cell phone, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, but only in recent years began to cover the field of power supply. Several companies are now looking at ways to supply power to mobile phones, PDAs, laptops and other gadgets directly, without having to plug them into the grid.

At the end of the 19th century, the discovery that electricity could make a light bulb glow sparked an explosion of research to find the best way to transmit electricity.

The race was led by the famous physicist and inventor Nikola Tesla, who developed a grandiose project. Unable to believe in the reality of creating a colossal network of wires covering all cities, streets, buildings and rooms, Tesla came to the conclusion that the only feasible method of transmission was wireless. He designed a tower approximately 57 meters high, which was supposed to transmit energy over a distance of many kilometers, and even began building it on Long Island. A number of experiments were carried out, but lack of money did not allow the tower to be completed. The idea of ​​transmitting energy over the air dissipated as soon as it turned out that industry was able to design and implement a wired infrastructure.

Everyone knows that no one is immune from the consequences of storms, hurricanes, storms and other natural disasters. Therefore, it is worth soberly realizing that the next downpour can equally likely leave both a small office and a huge corporation without power. What to do in case of a cable break or some kind of failure? Call electricians? Or rent a robot that will do all the work on its own much faster, and perhaps with better quality. Fiction, would you say? Of course, who will develop electrical robots if there are more interesting applications for these silicon creatures. And you don’t have to go far - robot singers and bartenders, nannies and teachers, doctors, toys. And this is where I disagree.

Scientists have created a robot that, in autonomous mode, will independently be able to check or diagnose many kilometers of power cable, identify problems, and perhaps even identify “preliminary” faults that could cause problems in the network in the future.

Professor, electronics engineer Alexander Mamishev told the press that such a development is the first in the industry...

Specifics of development modern civilization, especially in the last ten years, has radically changed our lives. Most attention two trends deserve.

The first is the rapid development of everything related to computer technology. This is not only a computer in every home and workplace, not only the Internet and “toys”. If you look more closely, we have all been hostages for a long time computer technology. Almost any device now includes a control chip, which, in principle, is the same small computer. This is both TV and washing machine, and a mobile phone, and a camera, and a key fob for the car, and the car itself...

Now there are about 60 in my office at work! processor controllers... This is already very serious! If previously a microprocessor cost tens and hundreds of dollars, now you can buy a control chip for less than a dollar!

The second trend is the rising cost of energy resources and everything related to the mining industry...

Economic efficiency The use of thermoelectric refrigerators in comparison with other types of refrigeration machines increases the more, the smaller the volume of the cooled volume. Therefore, it is currently most rational to use thermoelectric cooling for household refrigerators, in coolers of food liquids, air conditioners, in addition, thermoelectric cooling is successfully used in chemistry, biology and medicine, metrology, as well as in commercial refrigeration (maintaining the temperature in refrigerators) , refrigerated transport (refrigerators), and other areas

In technology, the effect of the occurrence of thermoEMF in soldered conductors, the contacts (junctions) between which are maintained at different temperatures (Seebeck effect), is widely known. In the case when two dissimilar materials are passed through a chain D.C., one of the junctions begins to heat up and the other begins to cool. This phenomenon is called the thermoelectric effect or Peltier effect...

One of the main directions for the development of science is theoretical and experimental research in the field of superconducting materials, and one of the main directions for the development of technology is the development of superconducting turbogenerators.

Superconducting electrical equipment will dramatically increase the electrical and magnetic loads in device elements and thereby dramatically reduce their size. In a superconducting wire, a current density that is 10...50 times higher than the current density in conventional electrical equipment is permissible. Magnetic fields can be increased to values ​​of the order of 10 Tesla, compared to 0.8...1 Tesla in conventional machines.

Magnetoplane or Maglev(from the English magnetic levitation) is a train on a magnetic suspension, driven and controlled by magnetic forces. Such a train, unlike traditional trains, does not touch the rail surface during movement. Since there is a gap between the train and the moving surface, friction is eliminated, and the only braking force is the force of aerodynamic drag.

The speed achievable by Maglev is comparable to the speed of an airplane and allows it to compete with air communications at short (for aviation) distances (up to 1000 km). Although the idea of ​​such transport is not new, economic and technical limitations have prevented it from being fully developed: the technology has only been implemented for public use a few times. Currently, Maglev cannot use the existing transport infrastructure, although there are projects with the location of elements of a magnetic road between the rails of a regular one railway or under the highway.

Hitachi has developed a new technology for generating electricity using vibrations that naturally occur in the air with an amplitude of several micrometers.

HITACHI has developed a new technology for obtaining electric current, due to the use of natural processes of vibrations occurring in the air, which occur with an amplitude of a couple of micrometers. Although this technology provides very low electrical voltage, there is very great interest in it due to the fact that such generators can operate in any weather and natural conditions, which, for example, solar panels cannot boast of...

Technological progress in the LED industry. What is the secret more long work new LED lamps for room lighting?

The market for LED technology is growing rapidly and the range is filled with various new products. In general, for LED lighting technology this market niche is an unplowed field. After all, the elements themselves, LEDs, are practically durable, mainly due to low heat transfer and low consumption; they operate on average 50,000 hours, namely 5 years. This makes it possible to assemble ready-made equipment, where it is not necessary to provide for the dimensions of the light bulbs or the possibility of replacing light elements, so that LEDs can be turned into light bulbs, spotlights, lamps, in a free artistic form and format, they can be combined with colors, they can enhance the precision with the help of optical lenses...

Direction of training 654100 "Electronics and microelectronics"
Specialty 200500 "Electronic Engineering"

Main directions of scientific research:

• physical processes in high vacuum, thermal vacuum processes;
• physical processes of interaction of flows of charged particles with a solid body; application of thin film coatings;
• new microprocessing technologies in mechanical engineering, instrument making, and in the production of artistic products;
• progressive designs of machines, mechanisms and devices operating in vacuum conditions;
• precision drives with manometric positioning accuracy.

Basic training courses:

• physical basis electronic technology;
• vacuum technology;
• electronic and ion technologies;
• design of automatic machines and machine systems;
• automatic control systems;
• information support for research and development in electronics.

The department was founded in 1974 by the dean of the Faculty of MT Yu. A. Khrunichev.
Teaching staff: 3 professors, doctors of technical sciences, 9 associate professors, candidates of technical sciences.

The department has trained more than 1,500 specialists, including 10 doctors of technical sciences, more than 40 candidates of technical sciences. Among the graduates there are 16 State Prize laureates.
Head Department - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Leonid Ivanovich Volchkevich
Department telephone: 267-02-13 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technologies

No scientific and technical area is currently developing as quickly and fruitfully as electronics. This progress is rapid and often unpredictable. Who, for example, until relatively recently expected that “behind” traditional vacuum electronics (lighting and receiving-amplifier lamps, picture tubes, night vision devices) solid-state electronics (semiconductor diodes and transistors, various integrated circuits)! Who could have imagined that electronic devices with thousands of component elements would be arranged not in volume, but layer by layer on a plane, with a total thickness of thousandths of a millimeter! That radios from the scale of a “box” will shrink to a box that can be easily worn on a neck chain! The revolution of electronic devices has allowed for an impressive revolution in electronic systems, the emergence of modern TVs, personal computers, microprocessor control.

Every schoolchild knows about this today. But few people know that electronic devices and systems owe these transformations to the emergence of a third direction in electronics - technological electronics.

Electronic technologies are a set of methods and means of influencing structural materials based on the use of energy from flows of electrons, ions, photons, polarized molecules, etc.; electronic technological equipment - constructive materialization of these methods and means; electronic engineering is a scientific and technical direction that combines technology, design and effective application.

Micromachining processes, when high-energy flows operate in micron zones and often in the shortest periods of time, cannot be controlled otherwise than by the electronics themselves, using programs accessible only to modern computer science. Therefore, electronic technologies are organically connected with information technologies, and electronic technological equipment is organically connected with microprocessor control systems and modern computerization arsenals. The world of modern electronics is huge and diverse.

The department is equipped with everything necessary for the educational and laboratory process and scientific research. Together with the company "Electronservis", a scientific and technical center "Electronic Technologies" was created, equipped with the latest technology.

The department has developed a system of creative independent work, designed to develop and reveal, even on the student bench, the inclinations and abilities of each individual for specific types of engineering, scientific or commercial activities. Already at the end of the third year, each student chooses a scientific advisor, who determines the student’s specific current scientific and technical direction. In this direction, within educational process(engineering workshop, course projects, calculation and graphic work) the student performs a complex of research and development and, in the end, defends his diploma project. It is in the process of creative searches, together with the leader, that individual qualities, abilities for theoretical or experimental work, design or commissioning work, programming, scientific and organizational work.

Now the world is ruled by electronics, which surround us literally everywhere. Science does not stand still; every year scientists present new developments in the field of electronic technologies. Many of them are tightly integrated into our daily lives.

Speeding up computers

American researchers have proven that instead of electric current, ultrashort laser flashes can be used to move individual electrons. This technology will make it possible to create quantum computers. They also plan to use the innovation in the field of quantum cryptography and to optimize chemical reactions.

The electron must be “pushed”, pumped with energy using pulses from a terahertz laser to the level of separation from the nucleus and the crystal begins to move along atomic bonds. Such laser systems are so fast that they can trap and hold electrons between two energy states.

Researchers from different countries have long sought to create special implants for living organisms. Fundamental difference is that they would not need to be surgically removed from the body after they have fully served their function.

Scientist Leon Bellan presented a new development - a polymer that remains stable at temperatures above 32 degrees. A base is made from it, and a silver nanowire is inserted inside. The result is a primitive electrical circuit. While the polymer is on the warm stove in the pan, current flows through the network. As soon as the tile is turned off, he turns into slime and the wire structure crumbles.

Using this principle, you can make, for example, medical devices for monitoring sugar levels. The device is placed under the skin and operates while the doctor takes data. After applying ice, the device is destroyed. This is much more convenient than taking samples or wearing sensors.

Blue LEDs

Blue light from LEDs has pronounced antibacterial properties. This has been officially proven by scientists from the University of Singapore. If you combine it with refrigeration, preservatives that are added to food become unnecessary.

The developers are confident that their discovery will become popular in fast food chains. After all, consumers have heard about the dangers of artificial additives, and food without them will definitely be in demand.

The greatest effect can be achieved if you combine blue light with a temperature of +4-+15 degrees and an acidic environment. Bacterial cells contain light-sensitive compounds that absorb light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Accordingly, under such conditions, massive death of bacteria occurs.

"E-liquid"

Experimental studies with nanostructures have shown that electrons can “flow” like a liquid. Accordingly, it is possible to create ultra-fast “fluid” electronics.

According to the laws of physics, the highest speed of electrons occurs during their encounter with other particles or atoms. A good example is an environment of complete vacuum, in which the trajectory of particles is similar to the flight of projectiles. But to date, no one has been able to simulate such conditions. According to physicists, such media can be carbon nanotubes or graphene sheets. However, for now this is only at the level of guesswork.

Pacemakers have one significant disadvantage - a limited service life. After seven years, you need to change tritium batteries, which are reaching the end of their service life. This means that repeated heart surgery is necessary to replace the power source.

Several countries are already developing batteries with a longer service life. In Russia, this is done by scientists at the University of Chemical Technology. The company “Advanced Nuclide Technologies” is also actively participating in this project. The basis of the new battery is the radionuclide Ni 63. Its half-life is more than a hundred years. The invention can be used without replacement for 20 years, which will make life easier for many cardiac patients.

Everyone knows that cats and dogs have a unique sense of smell that is able to recognize volatile chemicals released by humans during illness.

Scientists at the University of Cambridge decided to create a so-called “digital nose”. This is a spectrometer on a crystal microchip the size of a small coin. It is equipped with sensors tuned and calibrated to detect odors. If danger is suspected, the device will sound a signal. In the future, all information will be displayed on smartphone displays.

In addition to the medical industry, the “electronic nose” is of interest to the food industry. A number of large companies (Nestlé, Coca-Cola) want to use the invention to determine the freshness of products.

New transistors

An American university has developed a new design of transistors. With their help electronic devices can work for months or years. At the same time, energy consumption will be minimal, and perhaps they will function without batteries at all. They are planned to be used in the Internet of things and in devices that do not need to be connected to the network and recharged.

Thin nanowire

In the UK, the thinnest one-dimensional nanowire made of tellurium was created. Its thickness is only one atom. To make the structure of the product more durable, the developers introduced carbon nanotubes into it. Thus, tellurium atoms end up in one chain.

Monoatomic nanowires hold great promise for miniaturizing microcircuits. This means that modern electronics can be significantly reduced in size.

The University of California decided to create efficient computer processors using electronic vacuum tubes.

To produce the first tube computers, they used bulky vacuum tubes. Then transistors appeared, which made a real revolution in the field of radio electronics. But they also have significant drawback– the impossibility of infinitely reducing the size of transistors. For further development to occur, it was necessary to introduce innovation in the form of electronic vacuum tubes. The fact is that when passing through a semiconductor, the current begins to slow down and lose its efficiency. Vacuum elements do not have this problem because current flows freely through them. Such transistors are ten times more efficient than their semiconductor counterparts. The developments are not finished yet; they are actively continuing in the direction of reducing the size of the lamps.

Leading electronics manufacturers have decided to create flexible power supplies. Panasonic has developed 0.55 mm thick lithium-ion batteries designed for wearable devices (tablets, phones, cameras).

They have a special multilayer structure and a special electrode placement design. Copper acts as the anode, and aluminum acts as the cathode. They may be various shapes, most often cylindrical. Due to their mechanical properties, they can be bent and twisted without loss of power. There are several models, the strength of some of them is a thousand turns and bends.

Flexible electrical circuits at 5G speed

All kinds of “smart bracelets” have become very popular due to lately. They are constantly being upgraded and equipped with new features. Further global changes are coming very soon. America has already developed the world's most flexible electrical circuit. It has an unusual design - two lines intertwined in a chain, forming S-shaped bends. Thanks to this shape, the lines can stretch without loss of performance. In addition, they are well protected from external influences. Broadcast electromagnetic waves occurs in a certain frequency range – up to 40 GHz.

At Georgia Tech, engineers developed rectennas. They have a unique ability - capturing light and converting it into direct current. This is done using vertical carbon nanotubes at the top of the silicon substrate.

Complex processes lead to the formation of a charge that converts alternating current into direct current. So far, the efficiency of the device is extremely low, but scientists are confident that in the near future it will be possible to reach higher levels.

Microchip based on the human brain

A unique development of American bioengineers is the NeuroCore microchip. It works faster than personal computer a thousand times. Innovation is based on the principle of the human brain.

Was created by bioengineers PCB, consisting of 16 microchips. It simulates the work of one million neurons and forms billions of synaptic connections. Energy consumption is minimal.

In the future, the developers plan to reduce the price of the board and create a compiler for the software.

Currently, developments are in full swing to create magnetic devices for storing data. It is a next-generation storage medium that could lead to the creation of atomically small computing machines.

The goal facing the researchers was to organize a certain movement of atoms. For example, at some point they need to stop rotating. This was achieved through a combination of platinum, holmium and negative temperature. The quantum system is destabilized and the moment of the atom is preserved.

Electric unicycle

The innovation is an electric motor. Its body is made of impact-resistant plastic. The weight of a unicycle is on average 10-20 kg, and its height is half a meter.

It is equipped with a system of gyroscopes and control electronics to maintain the vehicle in an upright position. A person is only required to master the skill of maintaining balance on it. The wheel can change speed, regulate the position of the body in space, and give signals in case of danger on the road. It is easy to operate, maneuverable and safe.

Included with the unicycle charger. The battery is charged by connecting to an outlet for a couple of hours.

Stanford University pioneered the development of a battery with an aluminum anode. It's durable, inexpensive, and can charge quickly. An aluminum-based battery with high stability was also presented. It uses a graphite foam cathode and an aluminum metal anode. Such batteries are very flexible, which will allow them to be used to create flexible gadgets.

Additional benefits:

• low cost;
• safety;
• ultra-fast charging;
• huge battery resource.

This is a promising material with good performance properties.

The main ones:

• resistance to alkalis, acids and low temperatures;
• high electrical resistance.

They are made from radiation-treated polyolephelins. Fluorine-containing elastomers, silicones, and polyvinyl chloride can also be used in production.

Types of heat-shrinkable materials:

• cable joints;
• heat shrink;
• cable guards;
• gloves;
• non-flammable tubes.

These materials are used in energy, instrument making, aircraft manufacturing, electrical engineering and many other industrial fields.

Almost all leading countries are developing and improving electronic technologies. The state and private investors are interested in the emergence of more and more innovations in this area, so they actively support the development of promising projects.