What is the world wide web in brief. Internet and the World Wide Web Purpose: to get acquainted with the global Internet and its information system - the World Wide Web (WWW), with search methods

Structure and principles of the World Wide Web

World Wide Web around Wikipedia

The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard drive, and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are capable of dynamically allocating resources in response to an HTTP request. To identify resources (often files or their parts) on the World Wide Web, uniform resource identifiers (URIs) are used. Uniform Resource Identifier). Uniform resource locators (URLs) are used to locate resources on the network. Uniform Resource Locator). These URL locators combine URI identification technology and the DNS domain name system. Domain Name System) - a domain name (or directly - an address in a numerical notation) is included in the URL to designate a computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the desired web server.

To review the information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - a web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Much of the information on the Web is hypertext. To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, the HTML language is traditionally used (Eng. Hyper Text Markup Language), a hypertext markup language. The work of marking up hypertext is called layout, markup masters are called a webmaster or webmaster (without a hyphen). After HTML markup, the resulting hypertext is placed in a file, such an HTML file is the main resource of the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is referred to as a "web page". A set of web pages forms a website. Hyperlinks are added to the hypertext of web pages. Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on the local computer or on a remote server. Web hyperlinks are based on URL technology.

World Wide Web Technologies

To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform design styles for many web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the URN resource naming system (eng. Uniform Resource Name).

A popular development concept for the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make the information posted on the network more understandable to computers. The Semantic Web is the concept of a network in which each resource in human language would be provided with a description understandable to a computer. The Semantic Web opens up access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical relationships, draw conclusions, and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented well, the Semantic Web has the potential to revolutionize the Internet. To create a computer-friendly description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF format (Eng. Resource Description Framework ), which is based on XML syntax and uses URIs to identify resources. New in this area is RDFS (English) Russian (English) RDF Schema) and SPARQL (eng. Protocol And RDF Query Language ) (pronounced "sparkle"), a new query language for fast access to RDF data.

History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the author of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked for the European Council for Nuclear Research (fr. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN ) software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs. Enquire, loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991 on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/, (). Resource defined concept world wide web, contained instructions for setting up a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory because Tim Berners-Lee later hosted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

The first photo on the World Wide Web was of the parody filk band Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Bernes-Lee asked for their scans from the bandleader after the CERN Hardronic Festival.

Yet the theoretical foundations of the web were laid much earlier than Berners-Lee. Back in 1945 Vannaver Bush developed the concept of Memex (English) Russian - auxiliary mechanical means of "expansion of human memory". Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and ideally, all his knowledge that can be formally described) and which gives out the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. It is an extension and addition to human memory. Bush also predicted a comprehensive indexing of texts and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly find the necessary information. The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1965).

• The Semantic Web involves improving the connectivity and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
• The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information available on the Web, performed by the users of the Web themselves. Within the second direction, developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools (RSS and other web feed formats, OPML, XHTML microformats). Partially semantized sections of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users consciously navigate in the information space, however, very mild requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for an expansion of such sections. In this regard, attempts to compile Knowledge atlases may be of interest.

There is also a popular concept Web 2.0, summarizing several directions of development of the World Wide Web at once.

Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web include:

It should be noted that this division is very conditional. So, say, a blog or a guest book can be considered as a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.

Part of the information from websites can also be accessed through speech. India has already begun testing a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.

The World Wide Web is sometimes ironically called the Wild Wild Web (wild, wild Web) - by analogy with the title of the movie of the same name Wild Wild West (Wild, Wild West).

see also

Notes

Literature

• Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystick, G.; Mazinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http://1.1" (Information Sciences Institute).
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jackle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stewart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" (W3C).
• Polo, Luciano World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices(2003). Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Links

• Official website of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (English)
• Tim Berners-Lee, Mark Fischetti. Weaving the Web: The Origins and Future of the World Wide Web = Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. - New York: HarperCollins Publishers (English) Russian . - 256p. - ISBN 0-06-251587-X, ISBN 978-0-06-251587-2(English)

Structure and principles of the World Wide Web

Graphic representation of information on the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses a hard disk protocol and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are capable of dynamically allocating resources in response to an HTTP request. To identify resources (often files or their parts) on the World Wide Web, uniform resource identifiers are used. Uniform Resource Identifier). Uniform resource locators are used to determine the location of resources in the network. Uniform Resource Locator). These URL locators combine URI identification technology and the English domain name system. Domain Name System) - domain name (or directly. The main function of a web browser is displaying hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Web is precisely hypertext. To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, it is traditionally used English language Hyper Text Markup Language), a hypertext markup language. The work of marking up hypertext is called layout, markup masters are called a webmaster or webmaster (without a hyphen). After HTML markup, the resulting hypertext is placed in a file, such an HTML file is the most common resource on the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is referred to as a "web page". A set of web pages forms a website. Hyperlinks are added to the hypertext of web pages. Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on the local computer or on a remote server. Web hyperlinks are based on URL technology.

World Wide Web Technologies

In general, we can conclude that the World Wide Web stands on "three pillars": HTTP, HTML and URL. Although recently HTML has begun to lose ground somewhat and give way to more modern markup technologies: XML. xml (English) eXtensible Markup Language) is positioned as a foundation for other markup languages. To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform design styles for many web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the resource designation system in English. Uniform Resource Name).

A popular development concept for the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make the information posted on the network more understandable to computers. The Semantic Web is the concept of a network in which each resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand.. The Semantic Web opens up access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical relationships, draw conclusions, and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented well, the Semantic Web has the potential to revolutionize the Internet. To create a computer-friendly description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF format (Eng. Resource Description Framework ), which is based on the syntax of the English. RDF Schema) and English. Protocol And RDF Query Language ) (pronounced like "sparkle"), a new query language for fast access to RDF data.

History of the World Wide Web

The inventors of the World Wide Web are considered Tim Berners-Lee to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo. Tim Berners-Lee is the author of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies. In the year he worked in fr. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, Geneva (Switzerland), he wrote the Enquire program for his own use. "Enquire", loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

There is also a popular concept Web 2.0, summarizing several directions of development of the World Wide Web at once.

Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web include:

It should be noted that this division is very conditional. So, say, a blog or a guest book can be considered as a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning one product or another.

Part of the information from websites can also be accessed through speech. India has already begun testing a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.

Organizations involved in the development of the World Wide Web and the Internet in general

Links

• Berners-Lee's famous book "Weaving the Web: The Origins and Future of the World Wide Web" online in English

Literature

• Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystick, G.; Mazinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). " Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http://1.1 Request For Comments 2616. Information Sciences Institute.
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jackle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stewart (December 15, 2004). " Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One". Version 20041215. W3C.
• Polo, Luciano World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices(2003). Retrieved July 31 2005.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "World Wide Web" is in other dictionaries:

World Wide Web

world wide web- Ne doit pas être confondu avec Internet. Le World Wide Web, littéralement la "toile (d'araignée) mondiale", communément appelé le Web, parfois la Toile ou le WWW, est un système hypertexte public fonctionnant sur Internet et qui ... Wikipédia en Français

world wide web- ˌWorld ˌWide ˈWeb written abbreviation WWW noun the World Wide Web COMPUTING a system that allows computer users to easily find information that is available on the Internet, by providing links from one document to other documents, and to files… … Financial and business terms

Initially, the Internet was a computer network for the transmission of information, developed at the initiative of the US Department of Defense. The occasion was given by the first artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. The US military decided that in this case they needed an ultra-reliable communications system. ARPANET was not a secret for long and soon became actively used by various branches of science.

The first successful remote communication session was held in 1969 from Los Angeles to Stanford. In 1971, an instantly popular program was developed for sending e-mail over the network. The first foreign organizations to connect to the network were in the UK and Norway. With the transatlantic telephone cable to these countries, ARPANET became an international network.

ARPANET was perhaps more advanced, but not the only communication system. And only by 1983, when the American network was filled with the first newsgroups, bulletin boards and switched to using the TCP / IP protocol, which made it possible to integrate into other computer networks, ARPANET became the Internet. Literally a year later, this title began to gradually move to NSFNet - an inter-university network that had a large bandwidth and gained 10,000 connected computers in a year. In 1988, the first Internet chat appeared, and in 1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposed the concept of the World Wide Web.

world wide web

In 1990, ARPANET finally lost to NSFNet. It is worth noting that both of them were developed by the same scientific organizations, only the first - by order of the US defense services, and the second - on their own initiative. however, this competitive pairing led to scientific developments and discoveries that made the World Wide Web a reality, which became publicly available in 1991. Berners Lee, who proposed the concept, over the next two years developed the HTTP protocol (hypertext), the HTML language, and URL identifiers that are more familiar to ordinary users as Internet addresses, sites, and pages.

The World Wide Web is a system that provides access to files on a server computer connected to the Internet. This is partly why today the concepts of the web and the Internet often replace each other. In fact, the Internet is a communication technology, a kind of information space, and the World Wide Web fills it. This spider network consists of many millions of web servers - computers and their systems responsible for the operation of websites and pages. To access web resources (download, view) from a regular computer, a browser program is used. Web, WWW - synonymous with the World Wide Web. WWW users number in the billions.

What is the World Wide Web?

The web, or "web", is a collection of interconnected pages with specific information. Each such page can contain text, images, video, audio and various other objects. But besides this, there are so-called hyperlinks on web pages. Each such link points to a different page, which is located on some other computer on the Internet.

Various information resources, which are interconnected by means of telecommunications and are based on a hypertext representation of data, form the World Wide Web (World Wide Web, or WWW for short).

Hyperlinks link pages that are located on different computers located in different parts of the world. A huge number of computers that are united in one network is the Internet, and the "World Wide Web" is a huge number of web pages hosted on network computers.

Each web page on the Internet has an address - URL (Eng. Uniform Resource Locator - a unique address, name). It is at the address that you can find any page.

How was the World Wide Web created?

On March 12, 1989, Tim Berners-Lee presented to the CERN leadership a project for a unified system for organizing, storing and sharing information, which was supposed to solve the problem of knowledge and experience exchange between the Center's employees. The problem of access to information on different computers of Berners-Lee's employees was proposed to be solved with the help of browser programs that provide access to the server computer where hypertext information is stored. After the successful implementation of the project, Berners-Lee was able to convince the rest of the world to use uniform Internet communication standards using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Universal Markup Language (HTML) standards.

It should be noted that Tim Berners-Lee was not the first creator of the Internet. The first system of protocols that provide data transfer between networked computers was developed by employees of the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Winton Cerf And Robert Kahn in the late 60s - early 70s of the last century. Berners-Lee only suggested using the capabilities of computer networks to create a new system for organizing information and accessing it.

What was the prototype of the World Wide Web?

Back in the 60s of the XX century, the US Department of Defense set the task of developing a reliable system for transmitting information in case of war. The US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) proposed to develop a computer network for this. They called it ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The project brought together four scientific institutions - the University of Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute and the Universities of Santa Barbara and Utah. All work was funded by the US Department of Defense.

The first transmission of data over a computer network took place in 1969. A professor at the University of Los Angeles with his students tried to enter the Stanford computer and pass the word "login". Only the first two letters, L and O, were successfully transmitted. When they typed the letter G, the communication system failed, but the Internet revolution took place.

By 1971, a network with 23 users was established in the USA. The first program for sending e-mail over the network was developed. And in 1973, University College London and Government Services in Norway joined the network, and the network became international. In 1977, the number of Internet users reached 100, in 1984 - 1000, in 1986 there were already more than 5000, in 1989 - more than 100,000. In 1997, there were already 19.5 million Internet users.

Some sources indicate the date of the appearance of the World Wide Web a day later - March 13, 1989.

The World Wide Web is made up of hundreds of millions of web servers. Most of the resources on the World Wide Web are based on hypertext technology. Hypertext documents hosted on the World Wide Web are called web pages. Several web pages that are united by a common theme, design, and also linked by links and usually located on the same web server are called. To download and view web pages, special programs are used - browsers ( browser).

The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and an explosion in the development of the Internet. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the World Wide Web, but it is important to understand that this is not the same thing.

Structure and principles of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a computer program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard drive, and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are capable of dynamically generating documents in response to an HTTP request using templates and scripts.

To view information received from a web server, a special program is used on a client computer - a web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Much of the information on the Web is hypertext.

To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, the HTML language is traditionally used ( Hyper Text Markup Language"Hypertext Markup Language"). The work of creating (marking up) hypertext documents is called layout, it is done by a webmaster or a separate markup specialist - a layout designer. After HTML markup, the resulting document is saved to a file, and such HTML files are the main type of resources on the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is referred to as a "web page". A set of web pages forms .

The hypertext of web pages contains hyperlinks. Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on the local computer or on a remote server. Uniform resource locators (URLs) are used to locate resources on the World Wide Web. Uniform Resource Locator). For example, the full URL of the main page of the Russian section of Wikipedia looks like this: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_page. These URL locators combine URI identification technology (Eng. Uniform Resource Identifier Uniform Resource Identifier) ​​and the Domain Name System (DNS). Domain Name System). The domain name (in this case, ru.wikipedia.org) as part of the URL denotes the computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the desired web server. The URL of the current page can usually be seen in the address bar of the browser, although many modern browsers prefer to show only the domain name of the current site by default.

World Wide Web Technologies

To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform design styles for many web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the URN resource naming system (eng. Uniform Resource Name).

A popular development concept for the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make the information posted on the network more understandable to computers. The Semantic Web is the concept of a network in which each resource in human language would be provided with a description understandable to a computer. The Semantic Web provides access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical relationships, draw conclusions, and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented well, the Semantic Web has the potential to revolutionize the Internet. To create a computer-friendly description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF format (Eng. Resource Description Framework), which is based on XML syntax and uses URIs to identify resources. New in this area is RDFS (English) Russian. (English) RDF Schema) and SPARQL (eng. Protocol And RDF Query Language) (pronounced "sparkle"), a new query language for fast access to RDF data.

History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the author of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked for the European Council for Nuclear Research (fr. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN) software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs. Enquire, loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

In 1989, while working at CERN on the organization's intranet, Tim Berners-Lee proposed the global hypertext project, now known as the World Wide Web. The project involved the publication of hypertext documents interconnected by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information for CERN scientists. To implement the project, Tim Berners-Lee (together with his assistants) invented URIs, the HTTP protocol, and the HTML language. These are technologies without which it is already impossible to imagine the modern Internet. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee improved the technical specifications of these standards and published them. But, nevertheless, 1989 should be considered the official year of the birth of the World Wide Web.

As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first httpd web server and the world's first hypertext web browser called WorldWideWeb. This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (short for English. What You See Is What You Get- what you see is what you get), its development was started in October 1990, and completed in December of the same year. The program ran in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread over the Internet in the summer of 1991.

Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube computer at this time in order to understand what the features of its architecture are, and then gives it to Tim [Berners-Lee]. Thanks to the sophistication of the NeXT cube software system, Tim wrote a prototype illustrating the main points of the project in a few months. It was an impressive result: the prototype offered users, among other things, advanced features such as WYSIWYG browsing/authoring!... . The only thing I insisted on was that the name should not be once again extracted from the same Greek mythology. Tim suggested the World Wide Web. I immediately liked everything in this name, only it is difficult to pronounce in French.

The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991 on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/, (archived here). Resource defined concept world wide web, contained instructions for setting up a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory because Tim Berners-Lee later hosted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

The first photo on the World Wide Web showed the parody filk band Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Bernes-Lee asked for their scans from the bandleader after the CERN Hardronic Festival.

Yet the theoretical foundations of the web were laid much earlier than Berners-Lee. Back in 1945, Vannaver Bush developed the concept of Memex - auxiliary mechanical means of "expanding human memory." Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and ideally, all his knowledge that can be formally described) and which gives out the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. It is an extension and addition to human memory. Bush also predicted a comprehensive indexing of texts and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly find the necessary information. The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1965).

Since 1994, the World Wide Web Consortium (eng. World Wide Web Consortium, W3C), founded and still led by Tim Berners-Lee. This consortium is an organization that develops and implements technological standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web. Mission of the W3C: "Unleash the full potential of the World Wide Web by creating protocols and principles that guarantee the long-term development of the Web." The consortium's other two major goals are to ensure the complete "internationalization of the Web" and to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities.

The W3C develops uniform principles and standards for the Internet (called "recommendations" W3C Recommendations), which are then implemented by software and hardware manufacturers. In this way, compatibility is achieved between software products and equipment from different companies, which makes the World Wide Web more perfect, versatile and convenient. All recommendations of the World Wide Web Consortium are open, that is, they are not protected by patents and can be implemented by anyone without any financial contributions to the consortium.

Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web

Currently, there are two trends in the development of the World Wide Web: the semantic web and the social web.

• The Semantic Web involves improving the connectivity and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
• The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information available on the Web, performed by the users of the Web themselves. Within the second direction, developments that are part of the Semantic Web are actively used as tools (RSS and other web feed formats, OPML, XHTML microformats). Partially semantized sections of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users consciously navigate in the information space, however, very mild requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for an expansion of such sections. In this regard, attempts to compile Knowledge atlases may be of interest.

There is also the popular concept of Web 2.0, which generalizes several directions of development of the World Wide Web at once.

Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web include:

It should be noted that this division is very conditional. So, say, a blog or a guest book can be considered as a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.

Part of the information from websites can also be accessed through speech. India has already begun testing a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.

The World Wide Web is sometimes ironically called the Wild Wild Web (wild, wild Web) - by analogy with the title of the movie of the same name Wild Wild West (Wild, Wild West).

Security

For cybercriminals, the World Wide Web has become a key way to spread malware. In addition, the concept of network crime includes identity theft, fraud, espionage and illegal collection of information about certain subjects or objects. Web vulnerabilities, according to some reports, now outnumber any traditional manifestation of computer security problems; Google estimates that approximately one in ten pages on the World Wide Web may contain malicious code. According to Sophos, a British manufacturer of antivirus solutions, the majority of cyberattacks on the web are carried out by legitimate ones, located mainly in the United States, China and Russia. The most common type of such attacks, according to the same company, is SQL injection - maliciously entering direct database queries into text fields on resource pages, which, if the level of security is insufficient, can lead to the disclosure of the contents of the database. Another common threat that exploits the power of HTML and unique resource identifiers to World Wide Web sites is cross-site scripting (XSS), made possible with the introduction of JavaScript technology and gaining momentum with the development of Web 2.0 and Ajax - new standards encouraged the use of interactive scripting. It was estimated in 2008 that up to 70% of all websites in the world were vulnerable to XSS attacks against their users.

The proposed solutions to the respective problems vary significantly up to complete contradiction to each other. Large security solution providers like McAfee develop products to evaluate information systems for their compliance with certain requirements, other market players (for example, Finjan) recommend conducting active research of the program code and, in general, all content in real time, regardless of the data source. There are also opinions according to which enterprises should perceive security as a good opportunity for business development, and not as a source of expenses; to do this, the hundreds of information security companies today must be replaced by a small group of organizations that would enforce an infrastructural policy of constant and pervasive digital rights management.

Confidentiality

Each time a user's computer requests a web page from the server, the server determines and typically logs the IP address from which the request originated. Likewise, most Internet browsers record the pages visited, which can then be viewed in the browser's history, and cache the downloaded content for possible reuse. If an encrypted HTTPS connection is not used when interacting with the server, requests and responses to them are transmitted over the Internet in clear text and can be read, written and viewed at intermediate network nodes.

When a web page requests and the user provides a certain amount of personal information, such as first and last name or real or email address, the data stream can be deanonymized and associated with a specific person. If a website uses cookies, user authentication, or other visitor tracking technologies, a relationship may also be established between previous and subsequent visits. Thus, an organization operating on the World Wide Web has the ability to create and update the profile of a specific client using its site (or sites). Such a profile may include, for example, information about leisure and entertainment preferences, consumer interests, occupation, and other demographics. Such profiles are of significant interest to marketers, advertising agencies and other professionals of this kind. Depending on the terms of service of specific services and local laws, such profiles may be sold or transferred to third parties without the knowledge of the user.

Social networks also contribute to the disclosure of information, offering participants to independently state a certain amount of personal data about themselves. Careless handling of the capabilities of such resources can lead to public access to information that the user would prefer to hide; among other things, such information may become the focus of hooligans or, moreover, cybercriminals. Modern social networks provide their members with a fairly wide range of profile privacy settings, but these settings can be overly complicated - especially for inexperienced users.

Spreading

Between 2005 and 2010, the number of web users doubled to reach the one billion mark. According to early studies in 1998 and 1999, most existing websites were not indexed correctly by search engines, and the web itself was larger than expected. As of 2001, more than 550 million web documents were created, most of which, however, were within the invisible web. As of 2002, more than 2 billion web pages were created, 56.4% of all Internet content was in English, followed by German (7.7%), French (5.6%) and Japanese (4.9%). According to research conducted at the end of January 2005, over 11.5 billion web pages were identified in 75 different languages ​​and indexed on the open web. And as of March 2009, the number of pages increased to 25.21 billion. On July 25, 2008, Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hiai announced that Google Search had detected over a billion unique URLs.

• In 2011, it was planned to erect a monument to the World Wide Web in St. Petersburg. The composition was supposed to be a street bench in the form of the WWW abbreviation with free access to the Web.

see also

• global computer network
• World Digital Library
• Global use of the Internet

Literature

• Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystick, G.; Mazinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http://1.1" (Information Sciences Institute).
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jackle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stewart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" (W3C).
• Polo, Luciano. World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices (2003).