The largest amount of information is about 90. Introduction to the subject of computer science

Test tasks:

1. Choose a synonym for the word information...

a) volume b) quantity c) information d) process

2. Minimum unit of information quantity..

a) bit b) byte c) kilobyte d) baud

3. Choose the right ratio

a) 1 KB = 1024 MB b) 1 GB = 1024 KB

c) 1 TB = 1024 GB d) 1 MB = 1024 bytes

4. Gas was placed in one half of a closed vessel. After some time, as a result of random movement, the gas molecules filled the entire vessel. At the same time...

a) there was a transition from a less probable ordered state to a more probable chaotic state
b) information has increased

5. Information about the result of a coin fall leads to a decrease in the uncertainty of knowledge in ...

a) 2 times b) 4 times c) 5 times d) 8 times

Tasks

6. CD-R capacity is 700 MB. What is the disk capacity in kilobytes, bytes and bits?

7. Two players play tic-tac-toe on a 5x5 checkered field. In this game, how much information will the second player receive after the first player's third move?

8. The amount of information in a message containing 2048 characters was 1/512 of a MB. What is the size of the alphabet in which the message was written?

16 character alphabet. Each page contains 30 lines of 50 characters per line. How much information does 6 pages of text contain? Give examples of control systems for technical devices.

Option 2.

TEST tasks:

1. A person receives the largest amount of information (about 90%) with the help of...
a) hearing b) sight c) touch d) taste

2. The information capacity of one sign of the binary sign system is...

a) 1 bit b) 1 byte c) 1 kbyte d) 1 baud

3.Choose the right ratio..

a) 1 bit = 8 bytes b) 1 bit = 1 byte

c) 1 byte = 8 bits d) 1 byte = 1024 bits

4. Choose the correct answer:

a) Obtaining new information leads to a decrease in the uncertainty of knowledge
b) Obtaining new information leads to an increase in the uncertainty of knowledge

5. An information message carries 3 bits of information. At the same time, the number of possible information messages...

a) 2 b) 3 c) 6 d) 8

Tasks.

6. USB capacity -flash drives 256 MB. What is the capacity USB - flash drives in bits, bytes, kilobytes?

7. Balls with numbers are taken out of an opaque bag and it is known that the information message about the ball number carries 6 bits of information. Determine the number of balls in the bag.

8. The amount of information in a message containing 4096 characters was 1/1024 of a MB. What is the size of the alphabet in which the message was written?

9. Used to record text 32-character alphabet. Each page contains 30 lines of 70 characters per line. How much information does 3 pages of text contain? (Hint: find the amount of information per character)

Sections: Informatics

Lesson objectives:

• reveal the areas of application of computer science;
• teach safety rules;
• introduce the concepts: computer science, information, information processes;
• develop students’ understanding of the information picture of the world;
• develop information culture in students.

Lesson objectives:

• Master the areas of application of computer science;
• Master the general and specific aspects of the school computer science course;
• Learn safety rules.

UMK: presentation “Introduction to the subject” ( Appendix 1 ).

Lesson Plan

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

Theoretical basis of the lesson

1. Safety regulations, because the computer science classroom is a high-risk classroom. On the back of the title page we write: “Rules of conduct and safety in the computer lab.” (You can give prepared printouts of the rules and requirements to students so that they stick them on the back of the workbook cover:)

General provisions:

• Schoolchildren who have completed safety instructions, followed the teacher’s instructions, and signed the instruction logbook are allowed to work in the computer science classroom.
• Safety regulations must be strictly followed.
• Violation of these rules may result in electric shock, mechanical damage and injury, and cause fire.

Rules of conduct in the office:

• Do not enter the office wearing outerwear, hats, dirty shoes or carrying bulky objects.
• Move calmly in the office, without rushing.
• You are only allowed to work on the computer allocated for this activity.
• Do not talk loudly, do not make noise, do not distract other students.
• Before starting work, the student must ensure that there is no visible damage to the equipment at the workplace.
• Turn computers on and off only with the permission of the teacher.

Safety requirements during operation:

• be extremely careful when working with equipment;
• do not connect cables, connectors and other equipment to the computer;
• follow the rules for the sequence of turning on and off the computer;
• If there are changes in the functioning of the equipment or its spontaneous shutdown, you must immediately stop working and inform the teacher about it;
• control the distance to the screen and correct posture;
• do not allow operation at maximum brightness of the display screen.

Prohibited:

• use faulty equipment;
• when the mains voltage is turned on, disconnect and connect cables connecting various computer devices;
• touch the display screen, the back of the display, connectors, connecting cables, live parts of the equipment with your hands and/or sharp metal objects;
• troubleshoot the keyboard yourself;
• move the system unit and display;
• work with dirty, wet hands, in wet clothes;
• work at the display for longer than the prescribed time.

2. Introduction to the subject of computer science

Substance-energy picture of the world(slide 1)

We live in macrocosm, that is, in a world that consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Typically, macro-objects are divided into non-living (buildings, means of transport, furniture, clothing, machines and mechanisms, and so on) and living (plants, animals, humans themselves).
Macro objects consist of molecules and atoms, which, in turn, consist of elementary particles whose sizes are extremely small. This world is called microcosm.
We live on planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and millions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are enormous in size and form megaworld. The whole variety of these objects consists of substances.
According to the physical theory of the “Big Bang,” our Universe was formed as a result of the explosion of a bunch of “prime matter” about 20 billion years ago. Then matter actually existed in the form of energy. Then, within a fraction of a second, matter began to form in the form of elementary particles. Gradually, the structure of matter began to become more complex, atoms began to form from elementary particles, and molecules began to form from atoms. Complex structures of the megaworld (stars, planets, galaxies) were formed from atoms and molecules due to the forces of gravitational attraction.
The surrounding world can be represented as a hierarchical series of objects: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, macrobodies, stars, galaxies, and so on. Over time, molecules and macrobodies form increasingly complex biological, social and technical systems (slide 2).
The material-energy picture of the world began to take shape in ancient philosophy, and since the 18th century it has been formed mainly within the framework of physical science and chemistry. Since the middle of the 20th century, increasing attention has been paid to the study of the structure and functioning of complex systems (biological, social and technical) within the framework of biology and other sciences. However, not all features of such systems turned out to be possible to explain within the framework of the traditional matter-energy approach.

Information picture of the world(slide 3) The structure and functioning of complex systems of various natures (biological, social, technical) turned out to be impossible to explain without considering the general patterns of information processes. By the end of the 20th century, an information picture of the world began to take shape, first within the framework of cybernetics and biology, and then computer science. The information picture of the world considers the surrounding world from a special, information angle, while it is not opposed to the material-energy picture of the world, but complements and develops it.

Information in nature. On our planet, much is happening the other way around: there is self-development, the evolution of living nature, that is, an increase in the complexity and diversity of living systems. Life is an open system; matter, energy, and information enter it in a variety of ways. By consuming the energy of solar radiation in the process of photosynthesis, plants build complex biological molecules from simple inorganic ones, then animals that eat plants and each other create increasingly complex living structures, and so on.
Thus, entropy in living nature decreases, and information (anti-entropy) increases.
Receiving and converting information is a condition for the life of any organism. Even the simplest single-celled organisms constantly perceive and use information, for example, about the temperature and chemical composition of the environment to select the most favorable living conditions. Biologists figuratively say that “living things feed on information,” creating, accumulating and actively using it.

Genetic information. Any living organism, including humans, is a carrier of genetic information that is inherited. Genetic information is stored in every cell of the body in DNA molecules, which consist of individual sections (genes). Each gene is “responsible” for certain features of the structure and functioning of the body and determine both its capabilities and predisposition to various hereditary diseases.
The more complex and highly organized the organism, the greater the number of genes contained in the DNA molecule. Work to decipher the structure of the human genome, which contains more than 20 thousand different genes, was carried out using computer technology and was largely completed in 2000.

Man and information. Man lives in the world information. A person perceives the world around him (receives information) through the senses. A person receives the largest amount of information (about 90%) through vision, about 9% through hearing, and only 1% through other senses (smell, touch and taste). Information received by a person in the form of visual, auditory and other images stored in his memory. Human thinking can be viewed as processes information processing in the human brain. Based on information obtained through the senses and theoretical knowledge acquired during the learning process, a person creates information models of the surrounding world. Such models allow a person to navigate the world around him and make the right decisions to achieve his goals.

Information and society. In the process of communicating with other people, a person transmits And receives information. Information can be exchanged between people ъ in various forms (written, oral or through gestures). A specific language is always used to exchange information (Russian, Morse code, and so on). For information to be understandable, the language must be known to all people participating in the communication. The more languages ​​you know, the wider your circle of communication.
The history of human society is, in a certain sense, the history of the accumulation and transformation of information. The entire process of cognition is a process of obtaining, transforming and accumulating information (knowledge). The received information is stored on various types of storage media (books, audio and video cassettes, etc.), and more and more recently on electronic storage media in digital form (magnetic and laser disks, etc.).
The integration of computers into the global Internet network has made it possible for every person to have the potential for quick access to the entire amount of information accumulated by humanity throughout its history.

Information processes in technology. Information processes are characteristic not only of nature, man and society, but also of technology. The normal functioning of technical devices is associated with control processes, which include receiving, storing, converting and transmitting information. In some cases, the main role in the control process is played by a person (for example, driving a car), in others, control is taken over by the technical device itself (for example, an air conditioner).

3. Information content of the message(slide 4)

Information – an intuitive, indefinable concept, translated from Latin means reduction, clarification, familiarization (slide 5).

Information is a reflection of the objective world using signs and signals
Information is human knowledge (slide 6).
It follows that a message is informative (contains non-zero information) if it adds to a person’s knowledge. For example, the weather forecast for tomorrow is an informative message, but a message about yesterday's weather is uninformative: we already know this.
It is not difficult to understand that the information content of the same message can be different for different people. For example: 2x2 = 4 is informative for a first-grader learning the multiplication table, but uninformative for a high school student. From here, it would seem, the conclusion follows that a message is informative for a person if it contains new information, and uninformative if the information is old and known.
But then you opened a textbook on higher mathematics and read the following definition:
– The value of the definite integral is equal to the difference between the values ​​of the antiderivative integrand at the upper and lower limits.
Has this text added to your knowledge? Most likely not! It is incomprehensible to you, and therefore uninformative. To be understandable means to be logically related to a person's previous knowledge. In order to understand this definition, you need to study elementary mathematics and know the principles of higher mathematics.
Obtaining any knowledge should go from simple to complex. And then each new message will be understandable, which means it will carry information for the person.
A message carries information for a person if the information it contains is new and understandable to him (slide 7).
So far, you and I have learned to distinguish between only two situations: “no information” – “there is information”, that is, the amount of information is zero or not equal to zero. But obviously this is not enough to measure information. We need a unit of measurement, then we can determine which message contains more information and which contains less (slide 8).
The unit of measurement of information was defined in a science called information theory. This unit is called a "bit". Its definition goes like this:
A message that reduces knowledge uncertainty by half carries 1 bit of information.
There are concepts in this definition that require clarification.
What is “knowledge uncertainty”? This is best explained with examples.
Let's say you toss a coin, wondering what will come up: heads or tails? There are only two possible outcomes of tossing a coin. Moreover, none of these options has an advantage over the other. In this case they are said to be equally probable 1.
So, in this case, before tossing a coin, the uncertainty of knowledge about the result is equal to two.
A die with six sides has an equal probability of landing on any of them. This means that the uncertainty of knowledge about the result of throwing the dice is six.
Another example: before a race, cross-country skiers determine their starting number by drawing lots. Let’s assume that the uncertainty of the athlete’s knowledge of his number before the draw is one hundred.
Therefore, we can say this: the uncertainty of knowledge about a certain event is the number of possible results of the event (throwing a coin, dice; drawing lots).

Information processes – (slide 9) this is the exchange of information between people, man and machine, the exchange of signals between living and inanimate nature in the animal and plant world, as well as genetic information. These processes always presuppose the existence of a source and consumer of information.

Exercise 1. What professions do people get paid for?

metallurgist, editor, milkmaid, teacher, photographer, translator, driver, cook, composer, surgeon, fashion model, accountant, stockbroker, director, hairdresser, programmer, designer, architect, artist, TV presenter, janitor, screenwriter, poet, librarian, salesman , driver, typist, ballerina, shepherd.

Exercise 2.

Fill out the table. In each of the above examples, matter, or Energy, or information is either transmitted, stored, or processed. Moreover, these processes occur either in nature, or in society, or in technology.

Section name: Fundamentals of information theory Subsection: Information, its classification

Information concepts: technical, biological, social

The concept of “information” was already discussed in the “Introduction” lecture. Biological information concept Receiving and transforming information is a condition

vital activity of any organism. Even the simplest single-celled organisms constantly perceive and use information, for example, about the temperature and chemical composition of the environment to select the most favorable living conditions. Biologists figuratively say that “living things feed on information,” creating, accumulating and actively using it.

Fig.1. Groundhog threat poses of varying degrees of intensity

Any living organism, including humans, is a carrier of genetic information that is inherited. Genetic information is stored in every cell of the body in DNA molecules, which consist of individual sections (genes). Each gene is “responsible” for certain features of the structure and functioning of the body and determines both its capabilities and predisposition to various hereditary diseases. The more complex and highly organized the organism, the greater the number of genes contained in the DNA molecule.

A person perceives the world around him (receives information) with the help of his senses. A person receives the largest amount of information (about 90%) through vision, about 9% through hearing, and only 1% through other senses (smell, touch and taste). The information received by a person in the form of visual, auditory and other images is stored in his memory. Human thinking can be viewed as processes information processing in the human brain. Based on information obtained through the senses and theoretical knowledge acquired during the learning process, a person creates information models of the surrounding world. Such models allow a person to navigate the world around him and make the right decisions to achieve his goals.

Social information concept In the process of communicating with other people, a person conveys

receives information. Information exchange between people can be carried out in various forms (written, oral or using gestures). A specific language is always used to exchange information (Russian, Morse code, and so on). In order for information to be understood, the language must be known to all people participating in the communication. The more languages ​​you know, the wider your circle of communication.

Fig.2. Flag semaphore

The history of human society is, in a certain sense, the history of the accumulation and transformation of information. The entire process of cognition is a process of obtaining, transforming and accumulating information (knowledge). The received information is stored on various types of storage media (books, etc.), and more and more recently on electronic storage media in digital form (magnetic and laser disks, etc.).

The integration of computers into the global Internet network has made it possible for every person to have the potential for quick access to the entire amount of information accumulated by humanity throughout its history.

Technical information concept In technology, information is understood as messages transmitted

in the form of signs or signals; in this case there is a source of messages, a recipient (message receiver), and a communication channel.

Information is transmitted in the form of messages from some source of information to its receiver through a communication channel between

them. The source sends a transmitted message, which is encoded into a transmitted signal. This signal is sent over a communication channel. As a result, a received signal appears at the receiver, which is decoded and becomes the received message.

The transmission of information over communication channels is often accompanied by interference that causes distortion and loss of information.

In cases where they talk about automated work with information using any technical devices, they are usually primarily interested not in the content of the message, but in how many characters this message contains.

In relation to computer data processing, information is understood as a certain sequence of symbolic designations (letters, numbers, encoded graphic images and sounds, etc.), carrying a semantic load and presented in a form understandable to the computer. Each new character in such a sequence of characters increases the information volume of the message.

Information and data

We live in a material world. Everything that surrounds us and that we encounter relates either to physical bodies or to physical fields. All physical objects are in a state of continuous movement and change, which is accompanied by the exchange of energy and its transition from one form to another. All types of energy exchange are accompanied by the appearance of signals.

The hearing organs perceive sound signals, to which are carried by sound waves. The organs of vision perceive visual signals, the nature of which is electromagnetic waves in a certain frequency range. Every signal is a change of some kind physical quantity, transmitting information to the receiving object

object (living being or technical device). Sound

the signal is associated with a change in air pressure generated by a sound wave and affecting the organ of hearing. The visual signal is associated with changes in the parameters of electromagnetic light radiation perceived by the organs of vision.

When signals interact with physical bodies, certain changes in properties occur in the latter - this phenomenon is called signal registration. Such changes can be observed, measured or recorded in other ways - in this case new signals arise and are recorded, i.e. data is generated. The physical registration method can be anything: mechanical movement of physical bodies, changes in their shape or surface quality parameters, changes in electrical, magnetic, optical characteristics, chemical composition and (or) the nature of chemical bonds, changes in the state of an electronic circuit, and much more.

Data are recorded signals.

Data carries information about events that occurred in the material world, since they are a registration of signals that arose as a result of these events. However, data is not the same as information. Let's look at an example.

While watching runners' competitions, we use a mechanical stopwatch to record the initial and final positions of the instrument's hand. As a result, we measure the amount of its movement during the race - this is data recording. However, in order to obtain information about the time to cover the distance, it is necessary to apply to the obtained data the method of converting one physical quantity into another. You need to know the value of division of the stopwatch scale (or know the method for determining it) and you also need to know that you need to multiply the value of division of the device by the amount of movement of the hand and be able to perform the multiplication.

Information is a product of the interaction of data and methods adequate to them.

Classification of information

There are various classifications of information. Here are the most famous and used ones.

Types of information by way of perception Humans have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste,

touch. With their help, he receives information about the outside world: Sense organs with types of information are correlated as follows:

1. vision - visual;

2. hearing - auditory;

3. smell - olfactory;

4. taste - gustatory;

5. touch - tactile.

According to various estimates, a person receives from 75 to 90% of information through the organs of vision. Experts who claim that 90% of information a person receives through the organs of vision refer approximately 9% to information received through the organs of hearing and 1% through the other senses (smell, taste, touch).

Types of information by presentation form

Modern computers can work with FIVE TYPES OF INFORMATION:

- numerical information (numbers);

- text information (letters, words, sentences, texts);

- graphic information (pictures, drawings, drawings);

- audio information (music, speech, sounds);

- video information (videos, cartoons, films).

All these five types of information together are called, in one word, MULTIMEDIA.

Types of information of public importance

1. personal (knowledge, abilities, skills, intuition);

2. mass (public, everyday, aesthetic);

3. special (scientific, production, technical, management).

Information properties(from the point of view of the everyday approach to defining information):

relevance - the ability of information to meet the needs (requests) of the consumer;

completeness - the property of information to exhaustively (for a given consumer) characterize the displayed object or process; in-

the formation is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and making decisions; both incomplete and redundant information inhibits decision making or may lead to errors;

timeliness- the ability of information to meet the needs of the consumer at the right time; only in a timely manner

the information obtained can bring the expected benefit; equally undesirable premature submission of information

tion (when it cannot yet be acquired), and its delay;

reliability - the property of information not to have hidden errors; reliable information may become unreliable over time if it becomes outdated and ceases to reflect the true state of affairs;

information is reliable if it reflects the true state of affairs; inaccurate information may lead to misunderstandings or poor decisions;

accessibility is a property of information that characterizes the possibility of receiving it by a given consumer; information must be presented in an accessible way(according to the level of perception) form; therefore, the same questions are presented differently in school textbooks and scientific publications;

security - a property characterizing the impossibility of unauthorized use or change of information;

ergonomics is a property that characterizes the convenience of the form or volume of information from the point of view of a given consumer.

J.G. Oganezova, PhD, ophthalmologist

In the modern world, a person is bombarded with information flows from completely different directions, which significantly increases the load on the senses - the organs that perceive and process information. Even the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 300s. BC e. identified five main senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. A person receives the largest amount of information (about 90%!) through vision, about 9% through hearing, and only 1% through other senses.

Why is eye strain greater today than 100 or even 15 years ago?

Today, the eyes are stressed almost every second. The widespread installation of billboards, monitors and electronic tabloids, the emergence of various gadgets - tablets, smartphones, laptops, navigators - do not give a chance to rest and relax the eyes - neither in transport, nor at the airport, nor in a shopping center, nor at work, nor at home.

What does such a large visual load lead to?

Today in ophthalmology there is a special term - computer vision syndrome, which “overtakes” active users of personal electronic devices, and is manifested by a feeling of “sand”, burning and dryness in the eyes, lacrimation and redness of the conjunctiva, as well as deterioration of vision, the appearance of “fog” before the eyes , decreased visual performance, fatigue and other extremely unpleasant symptoms.

What else negatively affects the eyes?

Smoking, unfavorable environment, indoor air pollution and dryness, age, exposure to light, poor diet and increased blood cholesterol also adversely affect the organ of vision. In addition, heredity often “plays” not on our side.

How can you avoid the development of diseases and visual impairment?

It is important to improve your working conditions with electronic devices: a comfortable workplace, a monitor size larger than 50 cm, maintaining the optimal distance from the eyes to the electronic device (60–70 cm), high-quality displays. If you need to work for a long time, you should apply the “20-20-20” rule - take a 20-second break every 20 minutes, while looking at any object at a distance of 6 m; after 1 hour of work, take 5-10 minute breaks. It is also possible to use special glasses for working at a computer and perform a set of eye exercises. If symptoms are severe, you cannot do without the help of an ophthalmologist to prescribe medication and perform physical procedures (laser stimulation, magnetic therapy, reflexology, etc.) It is extremely important to maintain eye health and good nutrition.

Does a modern person always get enough substances important for the eyes from food?

Unfortunately, rarely, for a number of reasons - economic; the enormous pace of life, when there is only time for “snacks”, no time to buy groceries and prepare “healthy” food; There is not enough information about proper “nutrition for the eyes”, and often a person simply does not think that the eyes need some kind of special “nutrition” until a problem arises... Therefore, it is extremely important to maintain and strengthen eye health with the help of special vitamins and nutritional supplements .

How to choose the “right” vitamins for the eyes?

First of all, the composition of vitamins is important.

So in 2016, the company Nizhpharm JSC, part of the STADA CIS group of companies, introduced a new product for eye health to the Russian market - a dietary supplement Retinorm. (CoGR No. RU.77.99.88.003.E.009414.10.15 dated 10/06/2015)

In daily intake Retinorma contains a high dose of antioxidants: vitamin C 500 mg, vitamin E 150 mg, lutein - 10 mg, zeaxanthin - 2 mg, as well as trace elements zinc - 25 mg and copper - 2 mg. Besides, Retinorm contains 100 mcg of selenium, which has pronounced antioxidant properties, namely, oxidative stress leads to disruption of the functional state of the retina and deterioration of metabolic processes in the tissues of the eye.

Of course, not only the composition is important, but also the absorption of microelements by the body. After all, no matter how balanced the composition is, there is little benefit from it if the microelements are not absorbed. IN Retinorme copper and zinc are in the form of aspartates (in combination with an amino acid), which increases their absorption by the human body.

It's no secret that a person receives the largest amount of information through the eyes, but other senses cannot be ignored. All of them are certainly necessary and important in our lives.

Thanks to sensory systems, a person can not only enjoy life, but also ensure a comfortable stay and protect himself from troubles. Despite the fact that a person receives the largest amount of information through vision, we will talk about the significance of each human sense organ and methods of protection. Everything we see, hear, feel is the merit of our sensory system; we should be grateful to it and take care of it, just as it protects us from danger.

Sense organs

What is the sensory system? A person has only five organs responsible for feelings. Let's list them:

• Eyes (organ of vision).
• Nose (sense of smell).
• Ears (organ of hearing).
• Tongue (organ of taste).
• Skin (touch).

We listen to the singing of birds, which means that information is conveyed to us by our ears, we see a beautiful picture - our eyes work, we feel how delicious it smells in the kitchen, our nose, we drink coffee and hear all the shades of taste - the merit of the taste buds, if we pricked our finger with a needle - the sensory system of touch worked.

Let's look at the classification of sense organs. They are all divided into two broad groups: distant and contact. The first category includes those that perceive the irritant at a distance, they do not need to come into direct contact with the person, and in the second it is the other way around - the organ perceives irritation upon contact. For example, the largest amount of information a person receives with the help of them can be classified as distant, and touch as contact.

Surely many have heard about the so-called sixth sense. This should not be attributed to the main human systems, since we simply do not have an organ responsible for it. It can be called simply well-developed intuition. So far science is not able to explain this phenomenon.

Vision

As has already been said many times, a person receives the greatest amount of information through the organs of vision. Without eyes, a person would not be able to exist, we would not be able to arrange comfortable housing, get food for ourselves, and progress would certainly not have reached the level at which it is now. The development of visual perception begins from birth. It is with the help of vision that the baby explores a new world for him. He sees everything that surrounds him, meets his parents, and so on. It is very important to maintain basic eye hygiene and some rules to preserve your vision.

Many people simply spend a lot of time on computers, TVs, phones and tablets. This cannot be done, because our eyes are very susceptible to this kind of irritation. They quickly get tired of the tension. It is also forbidden to read at dusk - all this threatens to deteriorate your vision.

Many have heard the myth that poor eyesight can be inherited, but there are statistics that children with vision pathologies are born in three cases out of a hundred; in the remaining 97 percent, problems appear during life. Many factors must be taken into account, including the rhythm of life, because now almost everyone is exposed to stress. Therefore, you should not believe this prejudice; poor eyesight and genetics are incompatible things.

Smell

We have looked at vision; we still have to get acquainted with the concepts of “smell”, “touch”, “hearing” and “taste”. Let's start with the first one on our list.

Our nose is the main organ responsible for the sense of smell. As a rule, we pay little attention to it, remembering it only when a severe runny nose develops, preventing us from tasting all the aromas. Nasal hygiene must also be carried out daily.

Smell, touch, vision and other human senses are the tools through which we receive information. It is the nose that first of all warns us of danger (the smell of burning, gas, and so on). Also, the sense of smell can influence other senses, for example, the smell from a bakery can increase appetite; when we smell lemon, we begin to salivate profusely; there can be many such examples.

Touch

A person receives information through sense organs, one of which is the skin, which is responsible for touch. The feeling of cold, heat, touch and many others are based on the proper functioning of receptors located in large numbers on the entire surface of the human body. Most are located on more sensitive areas such as the fingertips or lips. That is, they concentrate where contact is most frequent.

This sense organ is of great importance in our lives; specific receptors are responsible for each type. For determining temperature - some, for pain - others, and so on. All senses are very important for humans; without touch our life would be no less difficult than without sight or hearing.

Hearing

The nervous system and sense organs constantly interact. Roughly speaking, a person is a mechanism in which everything is interconnected, the nervous and sensory systems allow us to navigate the world, which is necessary for survival. What is rumor? This is the ability to detect sound vibrations. Sound travels in air and water, that is, this requires a medium; in a vacuum we will not hear anything. Hearing is one of the five senses and is also called acoustic perception.

Taste

The last sense organ is the tongue, or rather, Taste is just as necessary for us as the other four senses. To maintain this ability, it is necessary to follow the rules of hygiene, take into account some prohibitions: do not eat or drink very hot things, do not talk while eating, and the like.