World Wide Web - World Wide Web. World Wide Web

Today, the number of Internet users reaches 3.5 billion people, which is almost half of the world's population. And, of course, everyone knows that The World Wide Web has completely enveloped our planet. But still not everyone can say whether there is a difference between the concepts of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Oddly enough, many are absolutely sure that these are synonyms, but savvy guys can give arguments that will reduce this confidence.

What is the Internet?

Without going into complex technical details, we can say that The Internet is a system that connects computer networks around the world. Computers are divided into two groups - clients and servers.

Clients are called ordinary user devices, which include personal computers, laptops, tablets, and, of course, smartphones. They send a request, receive and display information.

All information is stored on servers, which can be classified according to different purposes:

• web server,
• postal,
• chats,
• radio and television broadcast systems,
• file sharing.

Servers are powerful computers that work continuously. In addition to storing information, they receive requests from clients and send the necessary response. At the same time, they process hundreds of such requests.

Also in our brief educational program it is necessary to mention it is worth mentioning Internet providers, which provide communication between the client and server. A provider is an organization with its own Internet server to which all its clients are connected. Providers provide communication via telephone cable, dedicated channel or wireless network.

Is it possible to do without a provider and connect directly to the Internet? Theoretically it is possible! You will have to become your own provider and spend a huge amount of money to get to the central servers. So don’t blame your Internet provider too much for high tariffs - these guys also need to pay for many things and spend money on equipment maintenance.

The World Wide Web has entangled the whole world

World Wide Web or simply web - “web”. Actually it is represented by a huge number of pages that are interconnected. This connection is provided by links, through which you can move from one page to another, even if it is located on another computer connected to.

The World Wide Web uses special web servers to operate. They store web pages (one of which you see now). Pages connected by links, having a common theme, appearance, and usually located on the same server are called a website.

To view web pages and documents, special programs are used - browsers.

The World Wide Web includes forums, blogs and social networks. But its work and existence is directly ensured by the Internet...

Is there a big difference?

In fact, the difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web is quite large. If the Internet is a huge network connecting millions of computers around the planet to share information, then the World Wide Web is just one way to exchange this information. In addition to ensuring the operation of the World Wide Web, the Internet allows you to use email and various instant messengers, as well as transfer files via the FTP protocol,

The Internet is what connects numerous computer networks.

The World Wide Web is all pages that are stored on special Internet servers.

Conclusion

Now you know that the World Wide Web and the World Wide Web are different things. And most importantly, you will be able to show off your intelligence and explain to your friends what this difference is.

Initially, the Internet was a computer network for transmitting information, developed at the initiative of the US Department of Defense. The reason was given by the first artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. The US military decided that in this case they needed an ultra-reliable communication system. ARPANET was not a secret for long and soon began to be actively used by various branches of science.

The first successful remote communication session was conducted in 1969 from Los Angeles to Stanford. In 1971, an instantly popular program for sending email over the Internet was developed. The first foreign organizations to connect to the network were in the UK and Norway. With the installation of the transatlantic telephone cable to these countries, ARPANET became an international network.

The ARPANET was perhaps a more advanced communication system, but it was not the only one. And only by 1983, when the American network was filled with the first news groups, bulletin boards and switched to using the TCP/IP protocol, which made it possible to integrate into other computer networks, ARPANET became the Internet. Literally a year later, this title began to gradually pass to NSFNet - an inter-university network that had a large capacity and accumulated 10 thousand connected computers in an annual period. The first Internet chat appeared in 1988, and in 1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposed the concept of the World Wide Web.

World Wide Web

In 1990, ARPANET finally lost to NSFNet. It is worth noting that both of them were developed by the same scientific organizations, only the first was commissioned by the US defense services, and the second was on its own initiative. However, this competitive pairing led to scientific developments and discoveries that made the World Wide Web a reality, which became publicly available in 1991. Berners Lee, who proposed the concept, over the next two years developed the HTTP (hypertext) protocol, the HTML language, and URL identifiers, which are more familiar to ordinary users as Internet addresses, sites, and pages.

The World Wide Web is a system that provides access to files on a server computer connected to the Internet. This is partly why today the concepts of the web and the Internet often replace each other. In fact, the Internet is a communication technology, a kind of information space, and the World Wide Web fills it. This spider network consists of many millions of web servers - computers and their systems that are responsible for the operation of websites and pages. To access web resources (download, view) from a regular computer, a browser program is used. Web, WWW are synonyms for the World Wide Web. WWW users number in the billions.

World Wide Web(English) World Wide Web) - a distributed system that provides access to

related documents located on different computers connected to the Internet. The World Wide Web is made up of millions of web servers. Most of the resources on the World Wide Web are hypertext. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages. Several web pages, united by a common theme, design, as well as interconnected links and usually located on the same web server, are called a website. To download and view web pages, special programs are used - browsers. The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and a boom in the development of the Internet. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the World Wide Web, but it is important to understand that they are not the same thing. The word is also used to refer to the World Wide Web web(English) web) and abbreviation WWW.

The World Wide Web is made up of hundreds of millions of web servers. Most of the resources on the World Wide Web are based on hypertext technology. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages. Several web pages united by a common theme, design, and also interconnected by links and usually located on the same web server are called. To download and view web pages, special programs are used - browsers ( browser).

The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and an explosion in the development of the Internet. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the World Wide Web, but it is important to understand that they are not the same thing.

Structure and principles of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a computer program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard drive and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More complex web servers can dynamically generate documents in response to an HTTP request using templates and scripts.

To view information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Internet is hypertext.

To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, HTML is traditionally used ( HyperText Markup Language"Hypertext Markup Language"). The work of creating (marking up) hypertext documents is called layout, it is done by a webmaster or a separate markup specialist - a layout designer. After HTML markup, the resulting document is saved to a file, and such HTML files are the main type of resources on the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is called a “web page.” A set of web pages forms .

The hypertext of web pages contains hyperlinks. Hyperlinks help World Wide Web users easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on the local computer or on a remote server. Uniform URL resource locators are used to locate resources on the World Wide Web. Uniform Resource Locator). For example, the full URL of the main page of the Russian section of Wikipedia looks like this: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_page. Such URL locators combine URI identification technology. Uniform Resource Identifier"Uniform Resource Identifier") and the Domain Name System (DNS). Domain Name System). The domain name (in this case ru.wikipedia.org) as part of the URL designates the computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the desired web server. The URL of the current page can usually be seen in the browser's address bar, although many modern browsers prefer to show only the domain name of the current site by default.

World Wide Web Technologies

To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform design styles for many web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the URN resource designation system. Uniform Resource Name).

A popular concept for the development of the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make information posted on the network more understandable to computers. The Semantic Web is a concept of a network in which every resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand. The Semantic Web opens up access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented wisely, the Semantic Web has the potential to spark a revolution on the Internet. To create a computer-readable description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF (English) format. Resource Description Framework), which is based on XML syntax and uses URIs to identify resources. New products in this area are RDFS (English) Russian. (English) RDF Schema) and SPARQL (eng. Protocol And RDF Query Language) (pronounced "sparkle"), a new query language for fast access to RDF data.

History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the originator of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked at the European Council for Nuclear Research (French). Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN) software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs. Enquire, can be loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

In 1989, while working at CERN on the organization's intranet, Tim Berners-Lee proposed the global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web. The project involved the publication of hypertext documents linked by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information for CERN scientists. To implement the project, Tim Berners-Lee (together with his assistants) invented URIs, the HTTP protocol, and the HTML language. These are technologies without which it is no longer possible to imagine the modern Internet. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee refined the technical specifications of these standards and published them. But, nevertheless, the official year of birth of the World Wide Web should be considered 1989.

As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first web server, httpd, and the world's first hypertext web browser, called WorldWideWeb. This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (short for English). What You See Is What You Get- what you see is what you get), its development began in October 1990 and was completed in December of the same year. The program ran in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread across the Internet in the summer of 1991.

Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube computer at this time in order to understand what the features of its architecture are, and then gives it to Tim [Berners-Lee]. Thanks to the sophistication of the NeXT cube software system, Tim wrote a prototype illustrating the basic concepts of the project in a few months. This was an impressive result: the prototype offered users, among other things, such advanced capabilities as WYSIWYG browsing/authoring!... During one of the sessions of joint discussions of the project in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I tried to find a “catching” name for the system being created . The only thing I insisted on was that the name should not once again be taken from the same Greek mythology. Tim suggested the World Wide Web. I immediately really liked everything about this name, but it’s hard to pronounce in French.

The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991, on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/, (archived copy here). Resource defined the concept World Wide Web, contained instructions for setting up a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory because Tim Berners-Lee later posted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

The first photograph on the World Wide Web was of the parody filk band Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Bernes-Lee asked the group leader for scans of them after the CERN Hardronic Festival.

And yet, the theoretical foundations of the web were laid much earlier than Berners-Lee. Back in 1945, Vannaver Busch developed the concept of Memex - mechanical aids for “expanding human memory.” Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and, ideally, all his knowledge that can be formally described) and which provides the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. It is an extension and addition to human memory. Bush also predicted comprehensive indexing of text and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly find the necessary information. The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1965).

Since 1994, the main work on the development of the World Wide Web has been taken over by the World Wide Web Consortium. World Wide Web Consortium, W3C), founded and still led by Tim Berners-Lee. This consortium is an organization that develops and implements technology standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web. W3C Mission: “Unleash the full potential of the World Wide Web by establishing protocols and principles to ensure the long-term development of the Web.” Two other major goals of the consortium are to ensure the full “internationalization of the Web” and to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities.

The W3C develops common principles and standards (called "recommendations") for the Internet. W3C Recommendations), which are then implemented by software and hardware manufacturers. In this way, compatibility is achieved between software products and equipment of different companies, which makes the World Wide Web more advanced, universal and convenient. All recommendations of the World Wide Web consortium are open, that is, they are not protected by patents and can be implemented by anyone without any financial contributions to the consortium.

Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web

Currently, there are two trends in the development of the World Wide Web: the semantic web and the social web.

• The Semantic Web involves improving the coherence and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
• The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information available on the Web, carried out by the Web users themselves. In the second direction, developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools (RSS and other web channel formats, OPML, XHTML microformats). Partially semanticized sections of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users consciously navigate the information space, however, very soft requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such sections. In this regard, attempts to compile knowledge atlases may be of interest.

There is also the popular concept of Web 2.0, which summarizes several directions of development of the World Wide Web.

Methods for actively displaying information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. Methods for actively displaying information on the World Wide Web include:

It should be noted that this division is very arbitrary. So, say, a blog or guest book can be considered a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.

Some information from websites can also be accessed through speech. India has already begun testing a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.

The World Wide Web is sometimes ironically called the Wild Wild Web, in reference to the title of the film Wild Wild West.

Safety

For cybercriminals, the World Wide Web has become a key method for distributing malware. In addition, the concept of online crime includes identity theft, fraud, espionage and illegal collection of information about certain subjects or objects. Web vulnerabilities, according to some data, currently outnumber any traditional manifestation of computer security problems; Google estimates that approximately one in ten pages on the World Wide Web may contain malicious code. According to Sophos, a British manufacturer of antivirus solutions, the majority of cyber attacks on the web are carried out by legitimate cyberattacks, predominantly located in the USA, China and Russia. The most common type of such attacks, according to information from the same company, is SQL injection - maliciously entering direct queries to the database into text fields on resource pages, which, if the level of security is insufficient, can lead to disclosure of the contents of the database. Another common threat that exploits HTML and unique resource identifiers to World Wide Web sites is cross-site scripting (XSS), which became possible with the introduction of JavaScript technology and gained momentum with the development of Web 2.0 and Ajax - new standards that encouraged the use of interactive scripting. In 2008, it was estimated that up to 70% of all websites in the world were vulnerable to XSS attacks against their users.

Proposed solutions to relevant problems vary significantly, even to the point of completely contradicting each other. Large security solution providers like McAfee develop products to evaluate information systems for compliance with certain requirements; other market players (for example, Finjan) recommend conducting active research of program code and all content in general in real time, regardless of the data source. There are also views that businesses should view security as a business opportunity rather than as a cost; To do this, the hundreds of companies that provide information security today must be replaced by a small group of organizations that would enforce the infrastructure policy of ongoing and pervasive digital rights management.

Confidentiality

Each time a user's computer requests a web page from a server, the server determines and typically logs the IP address from which the request came. Likewise, most Internet browsers record information about the pages you visit, which can then be viewed in your browser history, and also cache downloaded content for possible reuse. If an encrypted HTTPS connection is not used when interacting with the server, requests and responses to them are transmitted over the Internet in clear text and can be read, recorded and viewed on intermediate network nodes.

When a web page requests and a user provides a certain amount of personal information, such as a first and last name or a real or email address, the data stream can be de-anonymized and associated with a specific person. If a website uses cookies, supports user authentication or other technologies for tracking visitor activity, then a relationship may also be established between previous and subsequent visits. Thus, an organization operating on the World Wide Web has the opportunity to create and update the profile of a specific client using its site (or sites). Such a profile may include, for example, information about leisure and entertainment preferences, consumer interests, occupation and other demographic indicators. Such profiles are of significant interest to marketers, advertising agency employees and other similar professionals. Depending on the terms of service of specific services and local laws, such profiles may be sold or transferred to third parties without the user's knowledge.

Disclosure of information is also facilitated by social networks, which invite participants to independently disclose a certain amount of personal data about themselves. Careless handling of the capabilities of such resources may result in information that the user would prefer to hide become publicly available; among other things, such information may become the subject of attention of hooligans or, moreover, cybercriminals. Modern social networks provide their members with a fairly wide range of profile privacy settings, but these settings can be unnecessarily complex - especially for inexperienced users.

Spreading

Between 2005 and 2010, the number of web users doubled to reach the billion mark. According to early studies in 1998 and 1999, most existing websites were not indexed correctly by search engines, and the web itself was larger than expected. As of 2001, more than 550 million web documents had already been created, most of which were located within the invisible network. As of 2002, more than 2 billion web pages were created, 56.4% of all Internet content was in English, it was followed by German (7.7%), French (5.6%) and Japanese (4.9%). According to research conducted at the end of January 2005, more than 11.5 billion web pages were identified in 75 different languages ​​and indexed on the open web. And as of March 2009, the number of pages increased to 25.21 billion. On July 25, 2008, Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hiai announced that Google Search had detected more than a billion unique URLs.

• In 2011, they planned to erect a monument to the World Wide Web in St. Petersburg. The composition was supposed to be a street bench in the form of the abbreviation WWW with free access to the Internet.

See also

• Wide Area Network
• World Digital Library
• Global Internet Use

Literature

• Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Fristik, G.; Mazinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http://1.1" (Information Sciences Institute).
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" (W3C).
• Polo, Luciano. World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices (2003).

Structure and principles of the World Wide Web

World Wide Web around Wikipedia

The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard drive and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More complex web servers are capable of dynamically allocating resources in response to an HTTP request. To identify resources (often files or parts thereof) on the World Wide Web, uniform resource identifiers (URIs) are used. Uniform Resource Identifier). Uniform URL resource locators are used to locate resources on the web. Uniform Resource Locator). These URL locators combine URI identification technology and the DNS domain name system. Domain Name System) - a domain name (or directly an address in numeric notation) is part of the URL to designate a computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the desired web server.

To view information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - a web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Internet is hypertext. To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, HTML is traditionally used. HyperText Markup Language), hypertext markup language. The work of marking up hypertext is called layout; the markup master is called a webmaster or webmaster (without a hyphen). After HTML markup, the resulting hypertext is placed in a file; such an HTML file is the main resource of the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is called a “web page.” A collection of web pages makes up a website. Hyperlinks are added to the hypertext of web pages. Hyperlinks help World Wide Web users easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on the local computer or on a remote server. Web hyperlinks are based on URL technology.

World Wide Web Technologies

To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform design styles for many web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the URN resource designation system. Uniform Resource Name).

A popular concept for the development of the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make information posted on the network more understandable to computers. The Semantic Web is a concept of a network in which every resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand. The Semantic Web opens up access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented wisely, the Semantic Web has the potential to spark a revolution on the Internet. To create a computer-readable description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF (English) format. Resource Description Framework ), which is based on XML syntax and uses URIs to identify resources. New in this area is RDFS (English) Russian (English) RDF Schema) and SPARQL (eng. Protocol And RDF Query Language ) (pronounced "sparkle"), a new query language for fast access to RDF data.

History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the originator of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked at the European Council for Nuclear Research (French). Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN ) software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs. Enquire, can be loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991 on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/, (). Resource defined the concept World Wide Web, contained instructions for setting up a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory because Tim Berners-Lee later posted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

The first photograph on the World Wide Web was of the parody filk band Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Bernes-Lee asked the group leader for scans of them after the CERN Hardronic Festival.

And yet, the theoretical foundations of the web were laid much earlier than Berners-Lee. Back in 1945, Vannaver Bush developed the concept of Memex. (English) Russian - auxiliary mechanical means of “expanding human memory”. Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and, ideally, all his knowledge that can be formally described) and which provides the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. It is an extension and addition to human memory. Bush also predicted comprehensive indexing of text and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly find the necessary information. The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1965).

• The Semantic Web involves improving the coherence and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
• The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information available on the Web, carried out by the Web users themselves. In the second direction, developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools (RSS and other web channel formats, OPML, XHTML microformats). Partially semanticized sections of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users consciously navigate the information space, however, very soft requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such sections. In this regard, attempts to compile knowledge atlases may be of interest.

There is also a popular concept Web 2.0, which summarizes several directions of development of the World Wide Web.

Methods for actively displaying information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. Methods for actively displaying information on the World Wide Web include:

It should be noted that this division is very arbitrary. So, say, a blog or guest book can be considered a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.

Some information from websites can also be accessed through speech. India has already begun testing a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.

The World Wide Web is sometimes ironically called the Wild Wild Web, in reference to the title of the film Wild Wild West.

See also

Notes

Literature

• Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Fristik, G.; Mazinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). “Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http://1.1” (Information Sciences Institute).
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" (W3C).
• Polo, Luciano World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices(2003). Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Links

• Official website of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (English)
• Tim Berners-Lee, Mark Fischetti. Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. - New York: HarperCollins Publishers (English) Russian . - 256 p. - ISBN 0-06-251587-X, ISBN 978-0-06-251587-2(English)