Types of information in computer science. Concept and types of information

If we consider information in a broad sense, proceeding from the approach to it as a reflection of the diversity of the world, then we can distinguish three types of information: unmanifest, manifested, creative.

Unmanifest information - information in "potential", in a coded form, as if "on demand", the meaning of which is hidden from human consciousness. It cannot be perceived directly by a person's consciousness or his senses (imaginary information). Unmanifest information is considered, for example, a mental image of a future painting by an artist or an engineering project, information stored on magnetic and optical disks of a computer. In a computer, it is a collection of data and programs on a storage medium.

Revealed information can be perceived by a person's consciousness and through his senses. The manifested information is inherent in all forms of material existence: a person's utterance, a picture of an artist, a book, an image on a monitor, sound in headphones, etc. Information manifested in the material world can be reflected(no change) or displayed- with a change in structure and meaning as a result of information transformations and interactions. By means of computer devices, the object of perception (addressee) transforms (receives) the displayed information in the form of printed, video, audio and other information.

Creative information is considered as consciousness, is characteristic only for living systems and includes the ability to stimulate the development (creation) of systems.

In computer science, information is information related to each other about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. In the course of his activity, a person constantly encounters and works with this or that information. Such information can be viewed from the point of view of the way it is presented, the place of origin, the stage of processing, etc. By the way of presentation, the following types of information can be distinguished:

• text (a set of alphabetic, digital and special characters, with the help of which information is displayed on paper or on a monitor screen);
• graphic (graphs, diagrams, diagrams and pictures);
• sound (sound signals and radio waves used in radio broadcasting, telephony);
• video information (light signals perceived by sight);
• multimedia information (text, graphic, sound and video information presented using computer means).

At the place of origin in the organization, they distinguish: input and output, internal and external information. According to the stages of processing, information can be primary, secondary and resultant.

A person perceives and conveys information in a figurative and symbolic form. Figurative perception of information occurs mainly through the senses through contact with nature and objects of the external world.

The elements of communication (communication) of people are signs. Sign- materially, sensually perceived object, phenomenon or action, serving to designate another object, property or relationship; for processing and transmission of information. Any sign has two qualities: "designation" (form of presentation) and "value" - meaning. The meaning can be objective, semantic or expressive. Distinguish between linguistic and non-linguistic signs. The exchange of information using signs is possible if the designation of a sign is associated with a meaning in a person or device. The set of signs for which there is an agreement on the semantic meaning between the source and the receiver of information is called sign system... A sequence of characters represents information on a tangible medium - paper, magnetic and optical disc, magnetic tape.

The sign can look like a symbol (letter, number, punctuation mark, mathematical sign, special road sign) or as a graphic image (a cross for Christians, a crescent moon for Muslims, a heraldic sign and a two-headed eagle on the coat of arms), as well as their combination.

To process information by computer devices, an accurate list of characters is required. The information passes through a number of converters (encoders and decoders) and a processing computer. At the stages of transformation and movement, the semantic properties of signs recede into the background, therefore the concept of "information" is replaced by the general concept of "data".

The same signs, depending on the context, carry different information and are regarded in different ways. In formulas, numbers are used as numbers: the entry 20:15 in mathematics is perceived as "20 divided by 15", and in the train schedule - as the time of departure. In the numbers of apartments, telephones, cars, numbers are perceived as designations, no one will multiply them or cube them. Subtraction and addition are applied to the numbers of calendar dates (01.09.2013), but not multiplication and division.

A set of graphic images (symbols, signs, drawings, moving images); sounds; signals perceived by the organs of touch and smell can be called the language of communication in nature.

The languages ​​spoken, business, literary, spoken and written are called natural, their construction reflects the historical and cultural traditions of society, psychological and educational characteristics of the individual. Messages may contain information about facts (lat. factum - done, deed, action, deed) or interpretation of facts (lat. interpretatio - interpretation, translation). A message is formed according to the signs characteristic of an ordinary language; a variety of signs of the language constitutes a long-term, preserved basis of the national culture.

Artificial language uses formal sign systems (mathematical and logical expressions, symbols, notes, road signs, insignia, signs of the navy), which perform the important task of replacing verbose and not always unambiguous narrative statements of a natural language with more rigorous and compact symbolic constructions.

Natural and artificial languages ​​convey information by signs through messages.

You can work with information in electronic devices in one of two forms: analog or digital.

Analog form encodes information in continuous signals that vary in proportion to what they represent. Microphones and conventional video cameras represent voice and video with analog signals. The telephone network transmits voice over cable in the form of analog signals: an alternating current (called a "sinusoidal carrier signal") continuously changes in frequency and amplitude in proportion to (similarly) the sound vibrations of the speaker's voice.

Analog signals as a change in the carrier signal when transmitting information are used in telephone communications, radio and television broadcasting. Computing machines that use an analog form of data processing are called analog. A simple analog calculator is an electric meter of consumed electricity depending on voltage and current. However, analog data transmission is heavily influenced by interference, so it is difficult to manage a large amount of data.

Digital information processing uses a fixed, well-defined character set. Digital displays of text, images, sound, video are stored in the computer memory, and are also transmitted using signals between computer devices, from a computer to a computer (via a local network or through the global Internet), from a device to a computer (from a modem, from a scanner, digital photo and video cameras), from a computer to a device (printer, modem, monitor). The forms of information presentation are different: computer programs and documents in digital codes, symbols, arrays of numbers, recorded on various data carriers. Data are given not in continuously changing values, but in discrete ones, which can be described by numbers, for example 0 and 1. Computing machines that use a digital form of data representation are called digital. The work of a digital computer is based on a binary number system.

Anyone every day is faced with a large amount of different information. It is varied and may or may not be useful. But in any case, it is impossible to live without her. The science of informatics is directly related to information, it is the object of its study. Below we will consider the concept and types of information.

Information is the primary, basic concept in computer science. It cannot be determined with the help of others, since they do not yet exist. The problem of definition is complicated by the fact that this concept is used in many sciences (cybernetics, computer science, biology, physics, etc.), and in each of them it is associated with different systems of scientific knowledge.

Information and physics

In physics, there is the concept of "system entropy", which is a measure of chaos, disorder for a thermodynamic system, while information (anti-entropy) is a measure of its complexity and orderliness. If its complexity increases, then the amount of entropy becomes less, and the amount of information increases. A similar process, in which information increases, occurs in open, self-developing systems of living nature that exchange energy and matter with the environment (protein organisms and molecules, animal populations). We can say that in physics information is considered as anti-entropy.

Information and biology

In biology, which studies wildlife, information is associated with the expedient behavior of living organisms. This behavior is built according to the information received by the body about the external environment.

In biology, the concept of "information" is also used in studies of the mechanisms of heredity, since it is known that genetic information can be inherited and stored in every cell of a living organism. All information about the structure of organisms contains such molecular structures as genes. Scientists, knowing this, can create an exact copy of organisms from just one cell (cloning).

Information and cybernetics

Cybernetics is a science of control, the concept of "information" in it is associated with control processes in rather complex systems (technical devices, living organisms). The normal functioning of a technical device or the vital activity of each organism depends on control, thanks to which the values ​​of their parameters can be maintained within the required limits. Receiving, storing, transforming and transmitting information are management processes.

Definitions of "information"

Information is various information about phenomena and objects of the environment, as well as about their properties, states and parameters that can reduce the existing uncertainty of incompleteness of knowledge about them. This is one of the initial general scientific categories, which reflects the structure of matter and the methods of its cognition; it cannot be reduced to other, simpler concepts.

Information is a representation (understanding, interpretation, meaning) that arises in a person's thinking apparatus, immediately after he receives data, interconnected with previous concepts and knowledge. This is the content of a signal or message, information that is considered in the process of their perception or transmission.

Feature information

Information has a characteristic feature that distinguishes it from other objects of society and nature - this is dualism, since its properties can be influenced by the properties of the data that make up its meaningful part, as well as methods that interact with data during the information process.

Exclusive information

Information appears only if there are objects that are in contact with each other. It is exchanged not between any objects, but only between those that are an organized structure (system). The elements of such a system may not necessarily be people: the exchange of various information can be carried out between animals and plants, living and inanimate nature, devices and people.

Types of information in computer science

Man throughout his history has tried to transform nature and society, in the course of this, more and more new information arose. We will cover all types of information. The table is shown below.

Types of information on the form of presentation

Information can be presented in various forms. We perceive textual information (presented in the form of symbols of the alphabet of any language), reading books, magazines, newspapers, looking for it in text form using the Internet. Simultaneously with it, we can receive symbolic information, which consists of numbers in various number systems. Looking at all kinds of illustrations, pictures, diagrams, drawings, graphs, we are able to perceive the graphical form of information. Sound messages come to us from other people who say something, we hear them with the help of radio, sound reproducing devices. But more often than not we prefer the combined form of obtaining information, when, for example, we are not only told, but also shown; tell and let you read it yourself. He has the greatest influence on us. The considered types of information in computer science are constantly encountered in the everyday life of any person, and we, willingly or unwillingly, perceive it, it is deposited in our memory.

Types of information by means of perception

The informatics lesson, which examines the types of information, is able to give information that it can be perceived in different ways, by different senses. Visual - is perceived with the help of sight, auditory - hearing, tactile - sensations, olfactory - smell, and the tongue gives us information about taste. Certain types of information in computer science can be perceived by different people in different ways. Someone remembers more if he heard something, another - if he saw, and the third - if he touched it.

Types of information by signal type

In computer science, it is customary to distinguish between the main types of information: analog (continuous) and sign (discrete). Signed can be transmitted, processed and stored in the form of many different characters. It can be contained in handwritten and printed documents, it is able to reflect the state of digital machines, etc. The opposite of this type is continuous information, which is embodied in sound, visual and other images, it can still be observed in continuous trajectories of processes (cardiogram, oscillogram) ...

We can say that all information can be presented in analog form (light, sound) or a sequence of separate signals (computer code, electrical impulses).

The concept and types of information discussed above make it clear how diverse and multifaceted it is. Each of us constantly perceives, processes, transfers. Our life is impossible without it. The types and means of information have changed throughout the history of mankind. From notches on the walls of caves and primitive speech, we moved on to the modern level of development.

Information is a very complex entity. Unity with regard to its definition was never achieved. But we perfectly understand what it is. This is probably one of the few cases in science when it operates with concepts without a clear definition of them. Interestingly, information is the subject of computer science. Perhaps that is why there is no clear definition of it. But still, let's try to give our own interpretation of this term for your clearer understanding.

Information concept

The types and properties of the phenomenon we are considering cannot be disassembled if at least approximately not orientated in this term. So what is information? This is a complex of phenomena that have received a certain reflection in our psyche and which can be used in our future activities. Information can be used in a huge number of possible areas of our life. Moreover, it is used. Various new ways of using information have emerged recently. It is simply a sin not to consider the spheres of human life in which information can be used.

Why do we need this?

Indeed, what is the point in receiving information by us? It allows us to act and survive in this world. The very fact of survival manifests itself wherever a human foot steps. Let's look at where we manifest ourselves and there is a need to survive or progress (this is the second task of information).

1. Basic needs.
2. Safety.
3. Communication.
4. Self-development.
5. Education.
6. Upbringing.

Obviously, this is only a small part of the possible spheres of human life where information could be used. We can get it in a variety of ways. From the very beginning, we will talk about where the information comes from, and after that we will move on to different classifications that characterize this phenomenon.

Methods for obtaining information

And now we directly begin to move on to the topic "Basic types of information". Let's begin our consideration of this phenomenon by describing possible sources of information. It turns out that there are really an incredible amount of them. In fact, any subject, if we can think and perceive it, can be a carrier of information of varying degrees of importance for us. Here are some small examples of storage media:

1. Internet.
2. Books.
3. TV set.
4. Plate.
5. Another man.
6. Apple.

And much more. You may have been surprised by some of the items. For example, how can an apple be a carrier of information? But if you think about it, it really is. It's the same with the stove.

Types of information: possible classifications

Now let's move on to considering this concept from a scientific point of view. There are three types of classifications. This article will cover only two of them. But we will briefly list these classifications in this subsection. What are these attempts to systematize the entire information flow?

1. Information on the form of presentation.
2. By public importance.

This classification is so simple that it is taught to children in second grade in computer science lessons. Now let's go directly to the topic of this article.

Classification of information by way of perception

The way information is perceived is how a person absorbs and processes it. This classification has been familiar to us since childhood, since it was taught in several academic subjects at once. There are such types of information according to the way of perception:

1. Visual. This is the data that we perceive through our eyes. An example of such information would be the same plate or apple. We value their appearance. Based on which bulbs are lit on the stove, we can know if it works. And based on this data, determine whether you need to monitor her. This knowledge is essential to our survival. Interesting, don’t you?
2. Auditory. This is the kind of information that is perceived by our ears. Its examples are very simple - the noise of a car, the voices of people, the ringing of bells. All that we hear is information in its auditory form. Its importance for human survival is also colossal. After all, it is auditory information that makes it possible to evaluate that part of the environment that cannot be seen, touched or tasted.
3. Tactile. This type of information is directly related to our skin. The function of this type of perception for survival is also very important - a person can, for example, feel the temperature of an object he is touching and its texture. This has saved us more than once - lovers will agree with this to try the temperature of the burner on the stove by hand.
4. Olfactory. This is the realm of smells. It is they who help us smell rotten food or determine what needs to be cleaned in the room. Actually, the smell is a very important characteristic that will help not only not to get poisoned, but also to understand the nutritional value of food.
5. Flavoring. This type of information works in tandem with olfactory information regarding the definition of food. According to the logic of our body, everything is simple. The food is delicious, so you can eat it.

Everything is very simple. These are exactly the five senses that we were told about at school. Here again we remembered them. Understanding what types of information exist by the way of perception makes it possible to use this data in informatics to ensure the most effective human-computer interaction. And this can significantly improve the quality of our life in the future.

We have already understood what are the sources of information. The types of information on the way of perception are also deposited in our head. And now the turn has come to analyze another classification - according to the form of presentation. What is this anyway? Actually, this is a scientific image of what sources information can be obtained by us. A kind of system of what we described earlier. So, what types of information are there on the form of presentation?

1. Text. This is the same book or website on the Internet.
2. Numeric. Figures can sometimes say much more than words.
3. Graphic. And the picture? If it is beautiful and there are many mysteries in it, then why cannot a simple image on the wall be useful for a person?
4. Musical. Whatever one may say, but everyone loves good music. Yes, the views are different. But in any case, music is wonderful.
5. Combined. For example, a music video.

We know these types of human perception of information.

conclusions

During the reading of this article, you have understood a lot. These are types of information in terms of the way of perception and the form of presentation. Is it a rewarding job to divide the entire information flow into varieties? You decide for yourself. Each person should have their own opinion. One thing is certain - without information our life would be impossible. And this is obvious to everyone.

Types of information

Talking about information in general, and not in relation to any of its specific types (genus, type, class) is pointless.

What types or types of information can be distinguished?

Firstly, by the way information is perceived .

A person has five senses:

vision; with the help of their eyes, people distinguish colors, perceive visual information, which includes textual, numerical and graphic information;

hearing; ears help to perceive sound information - speech, music, sound signals, noise;

sense of smell; with the help of the nose, people receive information about the smells of the surrounding world;

taste; taste buds of the tongue make it possible to obtain information about what an object tastes like - bitter, sour, sweet, salty;

touch; with your fingertips (or just your skin), you can feel by touch information about the temperature of an object - whether it is hot or cold, about the quality of its surface - smooth or rough.

A person receives information about the outside world with the help of his senses. Practically about 90% of information is received by a person with the help of the organs of sight (visual), about 9% - with the help of the organs of hearing (auditory), and only 1% with the help of the rest of the senses (smell, taste, touch). It should be noted that the human sense organs are called analyzers, since it is through these organs that information enters the brain. But, for example, for a fox, a dog and many other animals, the main information is that which comes through the nose. They have a well-developed sense of smell. For bats, the main information is sound, they perceive it with their large, sensitive ears.

A computer that helps a person to store and process information is adapted primarily for processing textual, numerical, graphic information.

Secondly, by the form of information presentation .

Most often, when working with computers, there are symbolic, textual, graphic and sound information, because a person works with a computer, and these forms of presentation of information are the most important for him.

Symbolic information is based on the use of symbols: letters, signs, etc. It is the most simple, but in practice it is used to transmit simple signals about various events.

For example, a green traffic light indicates that the movement of people and vehicles in certain directions is allowed, while a red signal prohibits it. Road signs are also symbolic information.

Text information, for example, a text in a textbook, an essay in a notebook, an actor's remark in a play, a weather forecast broadcast by radio. Note that in oral communication (personal conversation, telephone conversation, radio performance of the play), information can be presented only in verbal, textual form. Numerical information, such as multiplication table, arithmetic example, score in a hockey game, train arrival time, etc. In its pure form, numerical information is rare, except on math tests. Most often, a combined form of information presentation is used.

For example, you received a telegram: “Meet the twelfth. The train arrives at eight in the evening. ” In this text, we understand the words “twelfth” and “eight” as numbers, although they are expressed in words.

Graphic information: drawings, diagrams, drawings, photographs. This form of information presentation is the most accessible, since it immediately conveys the necessary image (model), and verbal and numerical require mental reconstruction of the image. At the same time, the graphical presentation does not provide an exhaustive explanation of the information transmitted. Therefore, a combination of text, numbers and graphics is most effective.

For example, when solving problems in geometry, we use a drawing (graphics) + explanatory text (text) + numerical calculations (numbers).

Musical (sound) information.

Currently, the multimedia (multimedia, combined) form of information presentation in computer technology is becoming the main one. Color graphics are combined in these systems with sound and text, with moving video and three-dimensional images.

Thirdly, on the public value of information.

Information can be:

personal - this is knowledge, experience, intuition, skills, emotions, heredity of a particular person;

public - socio-political, popular science, that is, what we get from the media. In addition, this is the experience of all mankind, historical, cultural and national traditions, etc .;

ordinary - the one that we exchange in the process of communication;

aesthetic - fine arts, music, theater, etc .;

special - scientific, industrial, technical, managerial.

Information properties

Any substance can be characterized by its properties, for example, solid, liquid, red, etc. Information also has properties, although they are not so much visual as properties of a substance.

Considering information, one can single out such properties as objectivity, reliability, completeness, relevance, value and clarity (intelligibility).

Information is a reflection of the external world, and it exists independently of our consciousness and desire. Therefore, as a property of information, we can single out it objectivity... Information is objective if it does not depend on someone else's opinion, judgment.

Example. The message “It's warm outside” carries subjective information, and the message “On the street 220C” - objective (if the thermometer is working properly).

Objective information can be obtained using serviceable sensors and measuring instruments. But, being reflected in the consciousness of a particular person, the information ceases to be objective, tk. transforms (to a greater or lesser extent) depending on the opinion, judgment, experience, knowledge or “harmfulness” of a particular subject.

They say that information reliable if it reflects the true state of affairs.

Objective information is always reliable, but reliable information can be both objective and subjective.

Reliable information helps us make the right decision.

Inaccurate information may be due to the following reasons:

Intentional misrepresentation (misinformation);

Distortion due to interference (“broken phone”);

When the significance of a real fact is understated or exaggerated (rumors, fishing stories).

Information can be called complete if it is enough for understanding and making a decision.

For example, a historian's dream is to have complete information about past eras. But historical information is never complete, and the completeness of information decreases with distance from us in the historical era. Even the events that took place before our eyes are not fully documented, much is forgotten, and memories are distorted.

Incomplete information may lead to an erroneous conclusion or decision. It is not for nothing that the Russian proverb says: “The undereducated is worse than the unlearned”.

Relevance (timeliness) of information- importance, materiality for the present time. Only the information received in time can bring the necessary benefits. Information may be outdated for two reasons: it may be outdated (last year's newspaper) or insignificant, unnecessary (for example, a message that prices have been reduced by 5% in Italy).

Usefulness or uselessness (value) of information... Since there is no border between these concepts, we should talk about the degree of usefulness in relation to the needs of specific people. The usefulness of information is assessed by the tasks that we can solve with its help.

The most valuable information for us is quite useful, complete, objective, reliable and new. At the same time, let's take into account that a small percentage of useless information even helps, allowing you to rest on uninformative sections of the text. And the most complete, most reliable information cannot be new.

From the point of view of technology, it makes no sense to consider the property of utility, since a person sets tasks for a machine.

Clarity information is characterized by the degree of accessibility for understanding. If valuable or relevant information is expressed in incomprehensible words or in a language that we do not know, it may become useful. Information is understandable if it is expressed in a language accessible to the recipient.

The world of information is huge and multifaceted. There are a very large number of different grounds for the species classification of information and information processes.

Let's consider the main generally recognized species classifications of information.

First of all, the selection of various types of information occurs by the sphere of origin. Information that has arisen in inanimate nature is called elementary, in the animal world - biological, in human society - social... In nature (living and inanimate) information is carried by light, shadow, color, sounds and smells. As a result of the combination of color, light and shade, as well as sounds and smells, aesthetic information... Along with natural aesthetic information, as a result of the creative activity of people, another kind of it has arisen - works of art(artistic, musical, etc.).

In addition to aesthetic information, human society creates semantic information as a result of knowledge of the laws of nature, society and thinking.

The division of information into aesthetic and semantic is arbitrary. Any information is simultaneously aesthetic and semantic, only in one can the aesthetic side prevail, and in the other the semantic one.

Another criterion for dividing into types is by the way information is perceived... A person has five senses:

Vision; with the help of their eyes, people distinguish colors, perceive visual information, which includes and text, and numeric, and graphic;

Hearing; ears help to perceive sound information- speech, music, sound signals, noise;

Sense of smell; with the help of the nose, people receive information about the smells of the surrounding world ( olfactory);

Taste; taste buds of the tongue make it possible to obtain information about what an object tastes like - bitter, sour, sweet, salty ( gustatory);

Touch; with your fingertips (or just your skin), by touch, you can get information about the temperature of an object - whether it is hot or cold, about the quality of its surface - smooth or rough ( tactile).

By the form of presentation information is divided into text, numerical, graphic, sound, combined.

Text information is, for example, a text in a textbook, an essay in a notebook, etc.

Examples of numerical information are multiplication table, arithmetic example, and score in a hockey game.

Graphic information is pictures, diagrams, drawings, photographs. This form of information presentation is the most accessible, since it immediately conveys the necessary image (model), and verbal and numerical require mental reconstruction of the image. At the same time, the graphical presentation does not provide an exhaustive explanation of the transmitted information. Therefore, the most effective combination of text, numbers and graphics (for example, when solving problems in geometry, we use a drawing (graphics) + explanatory text (text) + numerical calculations (numbers)).

Sound information is all kinds of sounds and their combinations that surround us.

The combined (multimedia) form of information presentation in computer technology is becoming the main one. Color graphics are combined in these systems with sound and text, with moving video and three-dimensional images.

By public importance information is divided into massive, special and personal... Mass information is intended for the entire population, regardless of age, gender, occupation. Special information is designed for various categories of professionals. Personal information is addressed to a limited number of persons related by family, friendship or other relationships.

Mass media can be divided into socio-political, everyday, popular science, aesthetic... Special information is divided into scientific, technical, production, managerial and others. Scientific information arises in the field of science as a result of studying the laws of the surrounding nature, social development and thinking. Technical information is created in the process of research and development in the field of mechanization and automation of human labor activity. Industrial information arises in the production, marketing and use of industrial and agricultural products.

In turn, scientific information is classified by fields of science ( mathematical, astronomical, philosophical, on public and natural military sciences, etc.), technical - by branches of the national economy ( mechanical engineering, instrumentation, machine tool building, transport, building, Agriculture and others), production - depending on the nature of production processes ( design, technological, economic planning, operational, about best practices and etc.).

Information in relation to the environment(or to the environment using it) there are three types: input, output and internal.

Input information(in relation to the environment) - information that the system receives from the environment.

Imprint(in relation to the environment) - information that the system issues to the environment.

Internal, intrasystem information(in relation to the system) - information that is stored, processed, used only within the system, i.e. updated only by the subsystems of this system. This is a somewhat idealized (especially from the point of view of the physics of open systems) concept.

Example... A person perceives, processes input information, for example, data on the weather outside, and forms the corresponding output reaction - how warm you need to dress. In this case, internal information is also used - genetically embedded or acquired physiological information about such a reaction, for example, about the "frost resistance" of a given person.

Information in relation to the end result of the problem happens:

the original(at the beginning of updating this information);

intermediate(from the beginning to the end of information updating);

the resulting(after completion of its updating).

Example... When solving a system of linear algebraic equations, information about the methods of solving, the implementation environment, input data (sources, accuracy, etc.), the dimension of the system and other is the initial information, information about the compatibility of the system of equations, the numerical values ​​of the root, etc. - resulting, information about the current states of the coefficients of the equations for the implementation of the Gauss scheme - intermediate.

Information by variability during its actualization happens:

permanent(never changed when it is updated);

variable(changeable upon updating);

mixed(conditionally constant or conditionally variable).

Example... In the well-known physical problem of determining the flight range of an artillery gun projectile, information about the angle of inclination of the gun can be variable, information about the initial velocity of projectile departure can be constant, and information about the coordinates of the target can be conditionally constant.

It is also possible to classify information on other grounds:

By stage of use (primary, secondary);

Completeness (excessive, sufficient, insufficient);

In relation to the purpose of the system (syntactic, semantic, pragmatic);

In relation to the elements of the system (static, dynamic);

In relation to the structure of the system (structural, relative);

In relation to the management of the system (managing, advising, transforming, mixed);

By access (open or public, closed or confidential, mixed);

In relation to the territory (federal, regional, local, belonging to a legal entity, related to an individual, mixed);

By subject area, by the nature of use (statistical, commercial, regulatory, reference, scientific, educational, methodological, etc., mixed), etc.